Social Psych Flashcards
Aronson, E., Linder, D.
Gain-loss principle, an eval that changes will have more effect than an eval that remains constant (someone who’s liking of you increased you will like more that someone who’s liked you consistently, and same with dislike)
A twist added to reciprocity hypothesis (we like people who like us)
AFFILIATION Similiarty Need complementarity physical attractiveness Social proximity Mere exposure hypothesis (Zajonc)
Similarity of intelligence, attitudes,education, height, age, religion, socioeconomic status, drinking habits, mental health
But
People choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other’s needs (opposites attract)
Physical attractiveness and the attractiveness stereotype that positive qualities and characteristics go to attractive people
Spatial proximity means that people can hang out more, it can increase intensity of initial attractions
Mere exposure (Zajonc) and familiarity, meaning mere repeated exposure to a stimulus results in enhanced liking to it
Asch S.
Conformity, asking subjects to compare the length of lines, all said one was larger when it wasn’t
Bandura
Social learning theory on aggression
Aggression is learned through modeling (direct observation or reinforcement
Batson
Empathy altruism model
That empathy plays a role in helping behavior altruism
If empathy is greater than distress, they engaged in altruism
Bem, D.
Self-perception theory(a persons initial attitude is irrelevant and no discomfort produced by behavior, to explain forced compliance dissonance), when you’re attitudes are weak or ambiguous about something, you observe your own behavior and infer an attitude based on that
Over justification: if you reward someone with something they already like doing, they may stop liking it
Minimal justification: minimal justification for being there, so they tend to rationalize why they’re there (compare with minimal pressure makes you consider argument in McGuires resistance to persuasion
as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, free-choice, post decisions dissonance, spreading alternatives forced-choice)
Clark, K., Clark, M.
Doll preferences in African American children, the black and white children preferred the white doll based on probably society and other factors, but after the 60s found no real evidence of this anymore
Later used in Brown v. board of education
Darley, J., Latené, B
Helping behavior and altruism(when helping behavior is at some cost to oneself)
Bystander Intervention, bystanders apathy and homo urbanis
Why would anyone in an emergency decide not to help?
- Social influence (presence of others may lead to interpretation of an event as a nonemergency) (pluralistic ignorance is when others following what others in the room did in an event unknown to be an emergency)
- diffusion of responsibility (the more people present, the less responsibility you feel to help and the less people that actually help) are the two factors that lead to NON-HELPING behavior
Eagly, A.
Gender differences in conformity were not due to gender per se, but to differing social roles
Festinger, L.
Cognitive dissonance theory (conflict you feel when your attitudes are not in synch with behaviors)
Free choice dissonance (when you choose between two desirable things) will leave you with post-decisional dissonance, also you will try to spreading of alternatives
Forced compliance dissonance, forced to behave in a manner different than beliefs or attitudes, based on anticipated punishment or reward
& social comparison theory (we are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relationship to other people)
- Ppl prefer to evaluate objectively and non socially but when not possible, they evaluate themselves by comparing to other people
- Less similarity, the less tendency to make comparisons
- When a discrepancy exists, there’s a tendency to change ones attitudes and position to succumb to group
Frustration aggression hypothesis
Strength of frustration correlates to level of aggression
Hall, E.
Studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions =proxemics
Heider, F
Balance theory with the triangles, why attitudes change when Patrick doesn’t agree with Olivia about Chinese food
Attribution theory is tendency of individuals to infer causes of other people’s behavior, attempting to discover causes and effects of events
Causes
1. Dispositional, those that relate to the features of the person who’s behavior is considered
2. situational, external and relate to features of surroundings
Fundamental attribution error is that we more often assume dispositional attribution than situational
Hovland, C
Studied attitude change as a process of communicating a message with intent to persuade someone
- Communicator = Credibility makes it persuasive, especially when arguing against their own self interest (druggie against marijuana)
- Communication = the sleeper effect is when over time, the persuasive impact of the high credibility source decreased, and vice versa for the low credibility; two sided messages argue both for and against the argument, such as the news
- Situation
Janis, I
Developed concept of groupthink to explain his group decision making can sometimes go awry;
Groupthink is the tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information
Lerner, M
Proposed the concept of “belief in a just world” BJW
In a just world, good things happen to good people and vice versa
Studying measures that indicate the degree to which an individual believes in a just world, in which a strong BJW increases likelihood of blaming the victim since just world denies possibility of innocent victims
Lewin, K
Divided leadership styles into
Autocratic
Democratic
Laissez-faire
McGuire, W
Studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion
Cultural truisms (beliefs seldom questioned) are more vulnerable to persuasion against because no one has practice defending them
Presenting an argument with refuted counterarguments makes for a weakened argument “injected” into listener, as a vaccine and formed a resistance against persuasion. Cultural truisms not inoculated were more susceptible to attack than those that were.
Belief perseverance is when people hold beliefs even after those beliefs have been show to be false. This normally happens when you are induced to believe a statement and then asked to provide your own explanation for it. You are now more likely to hold onto it.
When social pressure is so blatant to where a persons sense of freedom is threatened, the person will act in a certain way to reassert a sense of freedom = REACTANCE
Milgram, S
Studied obedience by electric shock in the milgram experiment,
Proposed stimulus overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers
Newcomb, T
Studied political norms at Bennington all girls college where most girls families were conservative but they turned liberal throughout college because of group social psych
Petty, R., Cacioppo, J.
Developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
central route to persuasion: issue is very important to listener, only strong arguments prove Very successful in persuading
peripheral route to persuasion: don’t care, aren’t/can’t pay(ing) attention, strength of argument irrelevant and what matters is How, by Whom and in What surroundings argument is being presented
Schachter, S
Studied relationship between anxiety and the needs for affiliation
Greater anxiety = greater desire to affiliate and vice versa
Also anxious people prefer the company of other anxious people, the perceived similarity to other anxious people is a factor in the affiliation
=both anxiety and need to compare with others plays role in affiliation
Sherif, M
Used autokinetic effect (the light in dark room) to study conformity;
Performed Robbers Cave Experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased inter group cooperation
Social loafing
Tendency for individuals to put forth less efforts when in a group
