Social Psy. Supplemental Notes Flashcards
Social context
People, the activities and interactions among ppl, the setting and expectations, and social norms
Social psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental process as a result of the effects of social variables and cognition
How many social roles
3
Social Roles
Socially defined pattern of behavior expected in a given setting or group
Ascribed Roles
Not under one’s control
Achieved roles
Obtained voluntarily
Role Conflict experiment
Zimbardo Prison Experiment
Stanford, early 70s, stimulated prison, prisoners vs. guards
Group Structure and Cohesion
In vs. out
Us vs. them
Norms
Standards of conduct for appropriate behavior
Social Cognition
Thinking
Attribution Theory
Making inferences about causes for others
External vs. Internal causes
Outside of the person vs. within(personality)
Making Attributions
Looking at consistency(internal), distinctiveness(external), and situational demands
Fundamental Attribution Error
Not always correct about others behaviors when we make inferences
Attitude
Emotionalized predisposition to respond
Belief+Emotion+Action
Belief
Thought
Emotion
Feeling
Action
Behavior, behavior potential
Attitude Formation
Not born with it, but it is developed
Ways Attitude is Learned
Direct contact Interaction with OThers Group Membership Child Rearing Media
Attitude change is determined by
Who says what to whom
Keys to Persuasion
Communicator=credible
Message= mood, structure, order
Audience= demographics, interests
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Inconsistency between our attitudes or between attitudes and behavior;
Grasshopper study by Zimbardo
Justification
Festinger and Carlsmith Study
The more justification, the less attitude and vice verse
Reducing Cognitive Dissonance
Change attitude Add consonant thoughts Change the importance of dissonant thoughts Reduce amount of perceived choice Change behavior
Personal Space
Proxemics
Spatial Norms N.A.
How many
4
Intimate
0-1.5 ft.
Immediate personal space for special ppl
Personal
1.5-4 ft.
Friends
Social
4-12 ft.
Impersonal interaction, business associates
Public
12+
Formal interactions, speeches, meetings
Conformity
Part of social influence; changes in behavior in an effort to be accepted by a group
The Asch Experiment
Solomon Asch
Match a standard line
1/3 trials=conformed
75% conformed at least once
How many Group Factors
4
Group Sanctions
Reward for punishments
Group Importance
More important= more conformity
Size of Majority/Unanimity
If one additinal person agrees, less confomity
More unanimous more conformity
Implications
Indicates the power of the group
Compliance
A person with little or no authority makes a direct request of another
Foot in the Door Effect
Get first commitment and then move on to larger commitment
Door in the Face Effect
People refusing larger request are more likely to go along with smaller request
Lowball technique
Getting person committed to act and then making the terms of acting less desirable
Obedience
Conforming to the demands of an authority figure
Research experiment about obedience
Stanley Milgram; yale
Stanley milgrams experiment
Teacher and learner; teacher gives shocks to learner when they give a wrong answer even though the voltage is high; most went to 450 volts, and many protested but still shocked ppl
Affiliation
The desire to associate with others
Social Comparison Theory
People tend to compare their own actions to others to have self enhancement
Downward Comparison
Comparing yourself with a person that is lower than you
Upward Comparison
Contrast with a person who ranks higher than you
Interpersonal Attraction
Affinity for another person
Depends on how many factors
8
Physical Proximity
Nearness physical closeness
Frequency of contact
The more you see someone the more you like them
Physical attractiveness
Physical beauty
Halo Effect
Generalize a favorable impression to unrelated personal characteristics
Competence
Degree of ability or proficiency, but we also like “human”
Similarity
The extent to which people are alike
Homogamy
Tendency to marry someone who is like us in almost every way
Self-disclosure
Process of revealing yourself to others
Prejudice
Negative attitude towards a group
Discrimination
Legal term; mistreating a person based on their group
Scapegoating
Holding a person accountable for something not in their control
Prejudice experiments
Brown vs. Blue eyes
Equal Status Contact; summer camp
Superordinate goals; goals overriding lesser goals
Jigsaw Classroom; superordinate goal in the classroom
Causes of Agression
Thanatos; death instinct
Instincts; readiness to fight
Biology; influence of the brain like hormones
Frustration; being block from a goal
Aggression cues
Social learning; learning aggression by watching others
Tv violence; how it goes unpunished
Disinhibition; more violence less inhibition
Desensitization; more exposure=less sensitivity
Pro social Behavior
Helping ppl
Bystander Apathy
Unwillingness to help vs. intervention
More potential helpers less likelihood of being helped
Diffusion of responsibility
Spreading responsibility reduces group helping
Communication Types
Assertive; getting message across without intention of harm
Aggressive; getting message across with intention of harm
Non-assertive; doing nothing
