social policy & practice Flashcards
8.1A, 8.1B, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5A, 8.5B
.what did history, geography, science and maths lessons for school children focus on?
- history- how badly Germany was treated at the end of WW1
- geography- areas in the world Germany would conquer
- science- weapon-making & chemical warfare
- maths- students calculated how much money Germany would save if they got rid of all the disabled people
what were eugenics?
race studies
what were students taught in eugenics?
how to improve their race, the inferiority of black people, Eastern Europeans and Jews
what were NAPOLAS? (National Political Educational Institutions)
special academies where students who were identified as potential future Nazi leaders
what organisation did all teachers have to join?
German Teachers League
what happened between 1933 and 1934?
15% of university lecturers/ professors were replaced- a third for racial reasons and a half for political reasons
how many university lecturers had been dismissed by 1939?
over 3000
in what year did Hitler give a speech outlining what the ideal teenager should be like?
1935
“they must be fast as a greyhound…
as tough as leather and as hard as steel
in what year did Hitler set up Hitler Youth Organisations?
1922
what were boys and girls taught at Hitler Youth?
- boys- military skills
- girls- how to be good wives & mothers
what did the Nazi’s do when they came to power in 1933?
Hitler banned all other youth groups- e.g. Cub Scouts and Church Youth Clubs
what happened in 1936?
a Law for the Incorporation of German Youth gave the Hitler Youth equal status to school & home
when was membership of the Hitler Youth made compulsory?
in 1939
what club would boys aged 6-10 join?
Little Fellows
what club would boys aged 10-14 join?
Young Folk
how old would a boy be when he became a fully-fledged member of Hitler Youth?
14 until he reached adulthood at 18
what did boys learn at Hitler Youth meetings?
- how to march
- fight with knives
- fire a gun
- keep themselves fit
what club did girls aged 10 to 14 join?
the Young Girls
what club did girls aged 14 to 17 join?
League of German Girls
what would girls learn at Hitler Youth?
- went on tough marches
- learn how to keep fit
- cook good meals
- look after babies
- prepare for motherhood
what were boys and girls encouraged to do?
report their parents or teachers if they criticised Hitler or told jokes about the Nazi’s
how much did membership of Hitler Youth increase by from 1933-1939?
- 1933- around 2 million
- 1939- around 7 million
- approximately 5 million
who were Swing Youth?
- people who refused to go to Hitler Youth, partied and listened to American Jazz
who were the Edelweiss Pirates?
- a rebel youth gang which went camping and sang songs making fun of Hitler
- they even physically attacked Hitler Youth groups
- the gang included boys and girls, including Jews
what did Hitler say about women in a 1934 speech?
” the world of a women is a smaller one. For her world is her husband, her family, her children & her house”
what did Nazi’s think about low birth rates?
didn’t fit with their plans to expand Germany’s territory & settle Germans in other areas of Europe
what were the 3 K’s?
Kinder, Kirche and Kuche
what did the 3 K’s mean?
children, church and cooking
what were women banned from doing?
- jury service
- smoking- “unladylike”
- wearing trousers or high heels- “unladylike”
what was given out to newly married couples?
- loans- the equivalent of a year’s wages- to encourage them to have children
what happened if a newly- wedded couple had a baby?
- birth of first child they could keep 1/4 of the money
- birth of second child they could keep 1/2 of the money etc
what did the Nazi’s ban?
contraception & abortion
why was slimming discouraged?
thought to be not good for getting pregnant
what was the 12th August?
the birthday of Hitler’s mother
what was awarded on the 12th August?
the Motherhood Medal was awarded to the woman with the most children
what did mothers with 8 children receive?
the Gold Cross
what was the Lebensborn movement?
- a Nazi movement to try to stop the population decline in Germany
- girls were taught in school that it was their duty to produce radically pure children and SS men were acceptable “pure” fathers
what had happened by March 1939?
1.7 million women had attended one of the German Women’s League motherhood training courses
what was the Nazi Women’s organisation set up for?
to develop an elite female group dedicated to Nazi beliefs and ideas
what was the birth rate in 1933 and 1939?
- 1933- 970,000 babies
- 1939- 1,413,000
what was the Law for the Prevention of Diseased Offspring?
women with a history of mental illness, hereditary diseases or anti- social behaviour (like alcoholism) could be forcibly sterilised
why did some Christians support the Nazi’s?
- the Nazi’s believed in the importance of marriage, the family & moral values- most Christians believed in these too
- Christians feared Communism because it was anti-religious- Hitler promises to destroy communism
- Hitler promised to respect the Catholic Church
what did Hitler sign in 1933?
a concordant with the Pope so that they would not interfere with eachother
how did Hitler break the concordant he signedwith the Pope?
he felt German Catholics listened to the Pope more than him so he harassed & arrested Catholic priests & closed down Catholic youth clubs & schools
what happened in 1937?
the Pope issued a statement called “with burning anxiety” saying that the Nazi’s were hostile to Christ & his Church
what happened in August 1941?
Catholic Archbishop Galen openly criticised the Nazi’s for their use of terror tactics, euthanasia & concentration camps
what happened to Galen?
he was put on house arrest until the end of the war
what were German Christians?
Protestants that admired Hitler for his views on marriage & moral values and wanted to see their Church under Nazi control
who was the leader of the German Christians?
Ludwig Muller
what did German Christians typically wear?
Nazi uniforms and used the slogan- “the swastika on our chests & the Cross in our hearts”
what was the Confessional Church?
a new Protestant group formed- lead by Pastor Martin Niemoller who openly criticised the Nazi’s
what happened to the Confessional Church?
- they arrested 800 pastors
- Niemoller was sent to a concentration camp & the Confessional Church was banned
how many Jehovah’s witnesses were killed in concentration camps and why?
1/3 because they were pacifists & refused to serve in the army
what word did Hitler use to describe the “Master Race”?
Aryan
what was the ideal Aryan?
strong, tall, blond, blue-eyed & white
how many people died in death camps up to 1945?
- over half a million gypsies
- over 6 million Jews
what happened to Jews in 1939?
they were rounded up & forced to work in ghettos & some were hunted down & murdered by execution squads
what happened in March 1933 to Jews?
all Jewish lawyers & judges sacked
what happened in September 1939?
Jews were no longer allowed out of their homes between 8pm & 6am
how many tramps, beggars and alcoholics were sent to concentration camps & what happened to them?
- around half a million
- many were worked to death
how many physically & mentally disabled men & women were forcibly sterilised by the Nazis and why?
- about 350,000
- they didnt fit in with Hitler’s vision of a race of strong & powerful Aryans so he wanted to stop them from passing on any of their “deformities” to their children
what happened to physically & mentally disabled men & women from 1939?
- the Nazis began to kill them
- about 200,000 people, including 5000 children were murdered in specially built nursing-homes
what was the Reich Citizenship Law?
- this law defined a German citizen as someone who is “of German or related blood”
- this meant that Jews who were defined as a separate race could not be full citizens of Germany- they had no political rights
what year were the Nuremberg Laws?
1935
what was the Law for the Protection of German blood & German honour?
- a law against race-mixing
- banned future intermarriages or sexual relationships between Jews and people of “German blood”
- the Nazis believed these relationships were dangerous because it led to mixed race children- undermined the purity of the German race
what happened in early January 1942?
a group of leading Nazis met in Wannsee and they met to discuss the quickest & cheapest way to kill all of the Jews left in Europe
what was the Final Solution?
the leading Nazis decided to exterminate the remaining 11 million Jews in Europe using poison gas
what happened on November 1938?
- under orders from Goebbels, SS troops carried out a nationwide campaign of terror against the Jews
what is Kristallnacht also known as?
the Night of Broken Glass
on Kristallnacht how many Jewish shops had their windows broken, how many Jews were killed, how many Jews were sent to concentration camps and how many synagogues were burnt down?
- 10,000 Jewish shops had their windows broken
- 100 Jews were killed
- 20,000 were sent to concentration camps
- 200 synagogues were burned down
what were Einsatzgruppen?
execution squads
what was the main methods of killing Jews as part of the Final Solution?
- working them to death
- killing them in poison gas chambers
how many major death camps were made as part of the Final Solution?
6
what happened when Einsatzgruppen soldiers arrived in some towns and villages?
some Jews escaped to the forests & formed resistance groups- they attacked German soldiers and blew up railway lines that Germans were using
how long did the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 last before the Germans regained control, arrested and executed all those involved & burned down the ghetto?
43 days
what was the Jewish rebellion in Treblinka in 1943?
- one of the prisoners managed to get into the weapons store- handed out guns and grenades
- he set the camp on fire, 150 prisoners escaped & killed 15 guards
- the escapees were killed & 550 other prisoners were killed by the Germans in revenge
how many Jews were killed by Hitlers Nazis?
around 6 million
how many of these deaths took place in Auschwitz, Belzec & Treblinka?
3 million
