Social perspective of learning

Question 1

What is called when we used other people as a source of information

Answer 1

Informational Social Influence

Question 2

What is informational social influence?

Answer 2

When the situation is ambiguous, we rely on others to interpret it & learn how to respond

Question 3

Example of research in informational social influence?

Answer 3

(Latané & Darley 1968)
You are participating in a research study & filling out questionnaires
White smoke starts trickling into the room
But what if…
2 other participants are in the room
Also filling out surveys, seem unconcerned by the smoke
What do you do?

9 out of 10 kept doing the questionnaire, rubbed their eyes, and waved smoke out of their faces

Question 4

What is the AutokineticEffect?

Answer 4

phenomenon of visual perception in which a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark or featureless environment appears to move.

Question 5

Forensic application of the informational social influence?

Answer 5

Pairs of eyewitness each shown separate video of an event
Videos of slightly different
Pairs discussed videos
Then took the individual memory test
Did they do well?
No!! 71% later mistakenly recalled details only their partner had seen

Question 6

What is the social learning theory by Bandura?

Answer 6

Social learning theory holds that we learn social behavior, from aggression to altruism, by observing others and imitating them (Bandura, 1973; 1983).

Question 7

How do children learn aggressive behaviour (theory)?

Answer 7

Children learn aggressive behaviour by observing other people - family members, peers, teachers and characters portrayed in movies, television shows and video games (Anderson et al., 2003).

Question 8

What experiment did Bandura realize and what was the outcome?

Answer 8

Classic experiments by Bandura and his colleagues using the Bobo doll paradigm showed that children can learn aggressive behavior through observation of both actual and filmed aggression (Bandura, Ross & Ross, 1961, 1963a).

Their basic procedure was to have an adult knock around a plastic Bobo doll, the kind that bounces back after it’s been knocked down. The adult would smack the doll around with the palm of a hand, strike, kick it, and yell aggressive things at it. Children imitated aggressive adults and treated the doll in almost exactly the same way.

Question 9

Do you think the consequences of the model’s behaviour matter?

Answer 9

nterestingly, Bandura also found that children are more likely to imitate a witnessed behavior if that behavior was rewarded, and less likely to imitate the behavior if it was punished (e.g. Bandura, 1965; Bandura, Ross & Ross, 1963b).

What about the condition in which the model’s aggressive behavior had no consequences? It was the same as rewarding it!
Think about violence in movies and television shows.
Is it usually punished? No, almost never. Is it rewarded? That doesn’t matter. Showing violence without showing negative consequences promotes imitation.

Question 10

Does the media only learn violence?

Answer 10

No!!! It is important to note that, while violent media increase aggression, prosocial media which portray characters acting in kind and helpful ways have the power to reduce aggression and increase empathy and helping instead (Prot, Gentile et al., 2014).

Question 11

Bandura demonstrated that observing aggression in the media increases aggression in real life because of:

Answer 11

Modelling (observational learning)

Question 12

What are the factors of persuasion?

Answer 12

Who? Source factors
What? Message factors
To whom? Receiver factors

Question 13

What are the two types of source factors?

Answer 13

Likability and Credibility

Question 14

What is likability?

Answer 14

Attractive speakers (whether due to physical or personality attributes) persuade people more than unattractive speakers (Eagly & Chaiken, 1975)

Question 15

What is Credibility?

Answer 15

Credible speakers (those with obvious expertise) persuade people more than people lacking in credibility (Hovland & Weiss, 1951; Jain & Posavac, 2000)- speaker wit crediclly are more presuavive

Question 16

What are the two message facts?

Answer 16

Fear appeals

Two-sided arguments

Question 17

What is Fear appeals?

Answer 17

1) Is it better to present a one-sided communication (that just lists arguments in favor of your own position) or a two-sided communication (that also lists arguments against your position?
Fear appeals - Messages that try to persuade you by arousing your fears.

Often used in health psychology (“Smoking will kill you! Etc.)

Question 18

What are Two-sided arguments?

Answer 18

Two-sided messages work better IF you are sure to refute the arguments of the opposition (Crowley & Hoyer, 1994)

Question 19

Can fear appeals be effective?

Answer 19

Often used in health psychology (“Smoking will kill you! Etc.)

Can be very effective, but can also backfire if they overwhelm the viewers and cause them to become defensive. We have a psychological immune system that helps us deny threatening information, and these processes are especially clear in studies showing how fear appeals can backfire and actually make people less likely to give up a risky behavior (like smoking).
It is important to give specific recommendations to help people reduce the fear – lowers the likelihood of defensiveness (Hoog, Stroebe & DeWit, 2005)

Question 20

People are harder to persuade when…

Answer 20

• The attitude is stronger

- They are forewarned

Question 21

What is the most effective influence way?

Answer 21

People are especially persuadable when they are not aware that a message is meant to be persuasive. Methods such as product placement can be highly effective. The more you believe that advertisements don’t influence you, the more influenced you will be in reality. Being forewarned and aware of the effects of advertising is an excellent defense which will make you much harder to persuade.

Question 22

When are people harder to persuade?

Answer 22

People are harder to persuade if they are forewarned. An especially effective procedure is attitude inoculation – You expose people to small doses of arguments against their position, which makes it easier for them to defend themselves against a persuasive message they hear later.

Question 23

When a person’s initial attitude is strong, it is very hard to change….

Answer 23

When a person’s initial attitude is strong, it is very hard to change. Belief perseverance is more likely.

Question 24

Which theory can help explain attitude change/learning?

Answer 24

Elaboration likelihood model!

Question 25

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion what are the 2 routes?

Answer 25

1- Central Route

2- Peripheral Route

Question 26

What is the central route?

Answer 26

The central route to persuasion is the case whereby people elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments; this occurs when people have both the ability and the motivation to listen carefully to a communication.

Question 27

What is the peripheral Route?

Answer 27

The peripheral route to persuasion is the case whereby people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by peripheral cues or surface characteristics (e.g., who gave the speech).- emotions

Question 28

Which of the following factors does NOT facilitate persuasion?

Answer 28

Forewarning of the receiver

Question 29

When persuasion depends on compelling logical arguments, it is referred to as the:

Answer 29

Central route

Question 30

Which theory can help integrate what you know about learning?

Answer 30

The General Learning Model

Question 31

What is the General Learning Model?

Answer 31

The general learning model (GLM) is designed to incorporate each of the domain-specific theories into a meta theoretical model. The GLM may help to generate new hypotheses by developing links between the levels of analysis described by each domain-specific theory.

Question 32

Example of the general learning model?

Answer 32

Someone wrongly convict for a violent crime- the person is no violent and its exposed to the violent environment

Prison there is aggression behaviours in the daily, what would that cause ?

The general learning model says that:
The expose of violence leads to 3 times of long term changing: