biology approach to learning and memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

The change of behaviour due to our past experiences

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2
Q

What are the two types of learning?

A

Direct and Latent

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3
Q

What is direct learning?

A

When you list a recall something

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4
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Learning does not produce an immediate evidence change of behaviour it can be express later

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5
Q

What are the fundamental premises of this approach?

A

1- Different types of learning and memory
2- Evidenced by disruption of different types of learning or memory by disruption or damage to different areas of the brain
by activation of those areas during different types of learning

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6
Q

Issues with this approach?

A

The area can be damaged and be connected to other areas

Studies in the brain need to be done carefully

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7
Q

What areas of the brain consolidate memory?

A

Amygdala and Hippocampus

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8
Q

What structure of the brain leads to memory?

A

There is not a single structure that leads to memory alone.

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9
Q

What is perceptual learning?

A

Process by which the ability of sensory systems to respond to stimuli is improved through experience.
perceptual learning is experience-dependent enhancement of our ability to make sense of what we see, hear, feel, taste or smell. These changes are permanent or semi-permanent, as distinct from shorter-term mechanisms like sensory adaptation or habituation.

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10
Q

Example of perceptual learning?

A

Distinguish different odours; musical pitches and ability to discriminate between different shades of colours

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11
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

is a type of learning that happens unconsciously. When you learn through classical conditioning, an automatic conditioned response is paired with a specific stimulus. This creates a behaviour

A type of learning involving making associations between behaviours and outcomes.

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12
Q

What is instrumental conditioning?

A

In instrumental conditioning, reinforcement or punishment are used to either increase or decrease the probability that a behaviour will occur again in the future.

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13
Q

What is the 3 term contingency?

A

These connections are often expressed as the 3 term contingency.

Discriminative stimulus (SD) – something that can be signal
That leads to a response (R) and that response is
Reinforcement or punishment ( Sr + or -)

Antecedent the behaviour
The behaviour leads to a consequence

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14
Q

Explanation of instrumental conditioning:

A

Basal ganglia receive sensory info. from all parts of the cortex and info from the frontal cortex about planned movements or movements in progress. The output to the premotor and supplementary motor areas where movements are planned and to the motor cortex where they are executed. Lesions of the basal ganglia in monkeys disrupt instrumental learning but not other types of learning (Gaffan and Eacott 1995). Similarly, patients with damage to the basal ganglia as in Parkinson’s disease can show disruption of procedural memory involved in skills but intact semantic and episodic memory.

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15
Q

What routes are involved in instrumental conditioning?

A
  • Involves 2 routes ( 1. between the sensory and motor association cortices (transcortical); 2- Via the basal ganglia and thalamus (subcortical))
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16
Q

What is relational learning?

A

Complex learning, linked to memories

e.g. recognising a friend may involve remembering their name, sound of the voice, last time you saw them, last things you did together, conversations etc.

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17
Q

What was the HM removed parts of the brain?

A

Most of the hippocampus, amygdala and adjacent cortex

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18
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Back, remember the past; he wasn’t forming long-term memories. No problem in short term memories.

19
Q

What were the main contributions of H.M.?

A

Importance of medial temporal lobes to memory- due to the removal of it
Importance of hippocampus to memory – leads to a huge focus on this area
Different modes of storage for STM and LTM
Role of medial temporal lobes in consolidation from STM to LTM
The distinction between explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) memories
Separation of memory from general cognition, attention or perception

20
Q

What is explicit (declarative) memory?

A

you can consciously recall and explain the information.

21
Q

What is implicit (procedural) memory?

A

unconscious, long-term memory; which aids the performance of particular types of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences. Procedural memory guides the processes we perform, and most frequently resides below the level of conscious awareness.

22
Q

What is implicit (procedural) memory; for example?

A

Riding a bike is another example. Even after going years without riding one, most people are able to hop on a bike and ride it effortlessly.

23
Q

memory tests used to assess H.M.’s anterograde amnesia?

A

Mirror Drawing Test;

24
Q

The Hippocampus and object recognition test?

A

Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Trial and The Mumby Box

A monkey sees a series of car and underneath that is food. A screen is there lowered and the monkey sees the object and an unfamiliar object and he has to choose the new object to receive the food.

25
Q

What is Spatial memory?

A

the ability the map, to recognize objects e.g.: Morris water maze and radial arm maze

26
Q

What leisures can destruct the performance on these tasks, like the Morris water maze and radial arm maze?

A

Hippocampus leisure’s

27
Q

The Hippocampus and spatial memory what is the relation?

A

The hippocampus contains ‘place cells’ that fire when a subject is in a specific location

e.g.: taxi drives are always in that area so there is a spatial memory
These fire when a subject is in a specific location

28
Q

Stages of sleeping?

A

1: lighter sleep (highly activated the brain)
2: medium sleep
3: deeper sleep
REM sleep ( associated with dreaming)

29
Q

What is memory processes?

A

(Acquisition) of some learning (consolation) of that and (recall)

Sleep can influence this

30
Q

Sleep deprivation and memory what is the relation?

A

Lack of sleep has been linked to delinquent behaviour and low self-control

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is sensitive to sleep disturbance
PFC is responsible for executive functions:
Planning
Problem-solving
Inhibition
Working memory
Attention

31
Q

Sleep-Dependent and Memory Consolidation what is the relation?

A

Memories are consolidated better during sleep compared to wake
Even a nap is sufficient (Mednick et al., 2003)

32
Q

How to test sleep-dependent memory?

A

Three common ways:
Comparing task performance after sleep and wake
Selective deprivation of particular sleep stages
Testing after early SWS and late REM sleep

33
Q

What is sleep spindles?

A

Sudden bursts of brain activity
Generated in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus
Occur during stage 2 of light sleep
Help to keep us asleep
Transfer information between hippocampus and neocortex

34
Q

So, how can sleep help you?

A

Ensure sufficient sleep prior to learning
Sleep to aid consolidation
Space out study sessions so that sleep occurs between sessions
Don’t cram all night before exams or recall will be poor

35
Q

Which structure adds emotional significance to a memory?

A

Amygdala

36
Q

When triggered, learned habits are mainly enacted by which structures?

A

Basal ganglia

37
Q

Which three of these structures are within the temporal lobes?

A

Rhinal cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus

38
Q

In Hebb’s dual-trace hypothesis short term memory is maintained by:

A

Reverberation in closed networks of neurons after the original stimulus has ended

39
Q

Long term potentiation is…

A

Strengthens connections between neurons and requires activation of NMDA receptors by glutamate on an already active postsynaptic neuron

40
Q

The long term depression is…

A

Weakens connections between neurons and requires activation of NMDA receptors

41
Q

When is more frequent REM sleep?

A

Is more frequent towards the morning after a sleeping period

42
Q

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) seems to be important to the consolidation of

A

Declarative memories

43
Q

REM sleep seems to be important to the consolidation of

A

Procedural memories;

Implicit memories

44
Q

Sleep impairment increases

A

false memories