Social Organization

Question 1

define solitary animals

Answer 1

individuals forage, rest, live alone except for mating, and usually rear offspring alone

Question 2

examples of solitary animals

Answer 2

bears, hamsters, most large felines (except lions & cheetahs)

Question 3

define pair animals

Answer 3

male & female defend territory and rear offspring together

Question 4

examples of pairs

Answer 4

birds, foxes, some wild carnivores

Question 5

what are the differnt pair types?

Answer 5

-short term : transiet mating (meadow moles)
-long term : bonded for good portion of life cycle (penguins, cockatoos)
- lifelong : mate for life (snowy owls, praire voles)
- social : territorial or social pair (swan)
- clandestine : quick extra pair mating (chimp, human)
- dynamic : swinger mating (gibbons)

Question 6

define matriachal groups

Answer 6

groups of females with offspring where males disperse (solitary or bachelor groups) and intermix in breeding season

Question 7

examples of matriarchal groups

Answer 7

cattle, elephants, domestic cats, sheep, goats

Question 8

define harem (natal bands)

Answer 8

single male lives with group of females (can have multiple harem in group), bachelor band is sanctuary for older males w/out natal band

Question 9

examples of harem

Answer 9

horses, some primates

Question 10

define packs

Answer 10

males & females live cooperatively in complex social group, communal rearing of young by pack with 1-2 breeding pairs, hunt together

Question 11

examples of packs

Answer 11

wolves, african wild dogs

Question 12

define resource holding potential

Answer 12

potential to win an all-out fight, how animals resolve disputes

Question 13

define linear hierarchy (chickens)

Answer 13

pecking order or unidirectional, rank is based on ; rank of parents, age, size, sex

Question 14

define triangular hierarchy (cows)

Answer 14

social hierarchy has a three-way order

Question 15

define despotic

Answer 15

one animal assumes priority acess to all, minimal to no hierarchy for other indivudals (indoor cat household)

Question 16

dominance must occur between animals of ___ species over a resource and takes ___ encounters to establish

Answer 16

same ; multiple (determined by repeated agonistic encounters between twon individuals)

Question 17

define agnostic behaviors

Answer 17

activity of figthing ; aggression, submission, avoidance, retreat

Question 18

define aggression

Answer 18

attack or threat by one individual to threaten to harm another

Question 19

define offensive aggression

Answer 19

animal percives resource opportunity and threatens other animal if it does not leave it

Question 20

define defensive aggression

Answer 20

animal perceives resource threat to safety or resources and becomes fearful eith defensive threats

Question 21

causes of aggression

Answer 21

maternal, pain, fear, resource guarding

Question 22

define avoidance

Answer 22

active : give way to approaching dominant animal
passive : freeze and avoid eye contact of dominant animal