social & occupational groups Flashcards
What are the 5 main categories?
- Class
- Age
- Occupational
- Sexuality
- Ethnicity
What did Zimmerman propose?
(Age)
That teen speak is influenced by 3 factors:
- Media
- Music
- Internet
What did Parrott do?
(Age)
Studied teenage identity and found 5 key features that establish this:
- Clothing
- Rebellion
- Forbidden Behaviour
- Idolisation
- Clique Exclusion
What did Labov do?
(Age)
Martha’s Vineyard:
Interviewed 69 people from different ages trying to get them to say particular vowels. He found young members of the community converged towards the older communities language when tourists arrived and diverged from the standard American pronunciations
What 3 forms of age did Eckert identify?
(Age)
- Chronological age: how many years you’ve been alive
- Biological age: a persons physical maturity
- Social age: life events which represent our perception of others age plus our own
What was Labov’s New York Store Study?
(Class)
Studies the post-vocalic /r/ by going into 3 different class stores (working class, middle class, upper class) and asked them for a particular items on the ‘fourth floor’
Found that:
- Working class used the post-vocalic the least
- Middle class didn’t use it until asked to repeat themselves
- Upper class used the post-vocalic the most
What did Petyt study?
(Class)
The relationship between H-dropping and social class.
Found that:
- UMC —> 12%
- LMC —> 28%
- UWC —> 67%
- MWC —> 89%
- LWC —> 93%
What did Bernstein study?
(Class)
The use of elaborated speech codes and restricted speech codes
Found that:
- All children understood ESC and RSC
- WC children speak using RSC
- UC and MC mainly use ESC but do also use RSC
What was Trudgil’s Norway speech study?
(Class)
Looked into words like: running, walking, talking, etc to see if it would be simplified to just a /n/ sound
Found that:
- Walkin’ was more commonly used in the WC
- The non-standard forms occurred from men across all classes
- Women believed they used standard forms a lot more than they actually did whereas men thought they used non-standard forms more than they did
What did Drummond propose?
(Ethnicity)
Stated that MLE is a key part of the sociolect among young people in Manchester
What did Kerswill propose?
(Ethnicity)
Stated that traditional Cockney speech will disappear in the next 30 years from London as it will be replaced by MLE
What did Rampton propose?
(Ethnicity)
Stated that the spread of ethnolects is down to the mixing of different ethnicities in friendship groups
What did Leap propose?
(Sexuality)
Stated that language used by gay men and lesbian women is classed as ‘lavender linguistics’
What did Kulick propose?
(Sexuality)
Stated that you cannot tell someone’s sexuality by their language alone. People use their language and behaviour to perform an identity e.g. gay men using more feminine language to separate themselves from heterosexual men
What did Baker propose?
(Sexuality)
That speech of gay men and women consist of:
- Puns
- Acronyms
- Lexical items only they understand
