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PSYC382 COGNITVE NEUROSCIENCE > Social Neuroscience > Flashcards

Social Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 kinds of bonds that explain why we socialize and form bonds?

A
  1. Mother-infant bond
  2. pair-bond
  3. friendship/communal bond
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2
Q

What are the 2 dimensions of social cognition?

A

warmth and competence

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3
Q

what is the opposite of warm and competent

A

cold and incompetent

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4
Q

what is trying to be determined by the social cognition dimensions?

A
  1. if the individual is hostile or safe

2. if the individual is capable of executing their intentions

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5
Q

what 3 properties do social networks show?

A
  1. power law
  2. short distances
  3. high clustering
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6
Q

what do the social networks demonstrate?

A

how far someone is in a social network compared to someone else

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7
Q

what is social cognition?

A

cognition applied in the social world

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8
Q

name 3 concepts that are used in social cognition

A

self
attributions
attitudes

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9
Q

what are the 2 social schemas/categories

A

in-group

out-group

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10
Q

what are the basic social behaviours? (4)

A
  1. selfishness
  2. cooperation
  3. altruism
  4. spite
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11
Q

define selfishness in social behaviour

A

benefiting self while harming others

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12
Q

define cooperation in social behaviour

A

benefiting self while benefitting others

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13
Q

define altruism in social behaviour

A

paying a cost to benefit another

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14
Q

define spite in social behaviour

A

paying a cost to harm another

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15
Q

what subcortical structure correlates with social network size and complexity?

A

amygdala

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16
Q

what are the 3 social networks?

A
  1. social perception network
  2. social affiliation network
  3. social aversion network
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17
Q

what is the social perception network for and what cortical structure/ amygdala part is involved?

A

used to identify others and stimuli that is related to others

  • lateral orbitofrontal cortex
  • ventrolateral amygdala
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18
Q

what is the social affiliation network for and what cortical structure/part of the amygdala is involved ?

A

used to observe and encode trust, empathy, and the motivation to socialize

  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  • medial amygdala
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19
Q

what is the social aversion network for and what cortical structure/part of the amygdala involved?

A

involved in rejecting others, and avoiding the untrustworthy

  • caudal anterior cingulate gyrus
  • dorsal amygdala
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20
Q

what 3 things make up social neuroscience?

A
  1. social signals
  2. social judgements
  3. social interactions
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21
Q

describe social signals; what 2 things are involved?

A

social signals = social perception

  1. verbal communication
  2. non-verbal communication
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22
Q

facial expressions and autonomic nervous system responses are considered what?

A

non-verbal communication

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23
Q

describe social judgements ; what 5 things do people judge about another person?

A

social judgment = social cognition

  1. warmth
  2. competence
  3. identity
  4. network
  5. reputation
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24
Q

what 2 things are observed when judging someone’s social network?

A

size and status within

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25
Q

describe social interactions; what 4 things are involved?

A

social interaction = social behaviour

  1. approach
  2. avoiding
  3. indifferent
  4. interaction norms
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26
Q

in social interaction, what heuristics are used for achieving it?

A

evaluating the mood and appropriate conversational topics

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27
Q

what is important about any form of learning?

A
  1. maximizing benefits/resources

2. minimizing costs

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28
Q

in social learning: what are considered benefits and costs

A

benefits: potential relationships
costs: people-related threats

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29
Q

what does learning FROM others allow?

A
  1. using others’ trials and errors rather than our own

2. others teaching their knowledge and skill

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30
Q

what is the rationale behind learning FROM others?

A

people serve as a potential model that reveals context-dependent behaviours and their outcomes

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31
Q

when learning FROM others, what challenges arise?

A

attribution and accurate modelling

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32
Q

what is observational learning?

A

learning by observing

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33
Q

what kind of conditioning is involved in observational learning?

A

social/vicarious conditioning

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34
Q

can social/vicarious learning include conditioned stimuli extinction?

A

yes

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35
Q

which brain structures show increased activity to observationally learned cues?

A

amygdala

rostral anterior cingulate cortex

insula

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36
Q

which brain structures encode observational prediction error signals?

A

medial prefrontal cortex
striatum
intraparietal sulcus

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37
Q

what brain structures encode action prediction error signals?

A

lateral prefrontal cortex

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38
Q

observation prediction error vs action prediction error

A

observation: when we watch someone else fail to perform an action
action: generated when we see someone exhibit some unpredictable or erratic behaviour

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39
Q

what are social nudges?

A

the use of social referencing where evaluation concerns influence decision-making

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40
Q

people become more risk averse/seeking when others are more risk averse/seeking, this is tracked by what?

A

ventral medial prefrontal cortex

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41
Q

what is instructed learning?

A

being told how to execute a task

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42
Q

what is the benefit of instructed learning?

A

done to guide away from errors and reduce error frequency

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43
Q

what PFC activity can regulate striatal conditioning?

A

top-down knowledge

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44
Q

what does learning ABOUT others demonstrate?

A
  1. social judgements for warmth and competence in various contexts
  2. social judgements about their social network based on schemas and norms
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45
Q

when learning ABOUT others: trait learning and impression updating involve what kind of information? (5)

A
  1. valenced social information
  2. general social information
  3. diagnostic inconsistences
  4. positive impression changes
  5. negative impression changes
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46
Q

what is valenced social information and what brain structures track it?

A

their warmth and competence

- amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex

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47
Q

what is general social information and what brain structure tracks it?

A

dorsal medial prefrontal cortex

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48
Q

what are diagnostic inconsistencies and what brain structures track them?

A

dorsal medial prefrontal cortex
posterior cingulate cortex
superior temporal sulcus

49
Q

what are positive and negative impression changes and what structures track them?

A

positive: going cold to warm and incompetent to competent
- lateral prefrontal cortex

negative: going from warm to cold and competent to incompetent
- medial prefrontal cortex
- striatum
- superior temporal sulcus

50
Q

when learning ABOUT others: what information is involved in social interactions and reputation?

A
  1. violations of social expectations
  2. absolute valence of social outcomes
  3. trust/reciprocity
51
Q

what are violations of social expectations and what brain structure tracks it?

A

violating social norms

- dorsal anterior cingulate cortex

52
Q

what is absolute valence of social outcomes?

A

interaction experience regardless of subjective association of them
- ventral anterior cingulate cortex

53
Q

what is trust/reciprocity in social interactions and what brain structure tracks it?

A

trust/reciprocity: warmth/ability to reciprocate energy of the interaction
- corticostriatal circuitry and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex

54
Q

what signals update impressions?

A

social reward/prediction error signals

55
Q

what can override top-down trust signals about a person?

A

reputation

56
Q

when learning ABOUT others: trust and reputation involves encoding what/by what?

A

generosity

  • posterior cingulate cortex
  • precuneus
  • right temporal parietal junction
57
Q

generosity is observed how?

A

from a higher than expected sharing of a common resource

58
Q

what kind of priors for impressions affect social decision-making?

A

direct experience

indirect experience

59
Q

how does direct experience affect social decision-making?

A

consistent interactions that match with first impressions leads to faster social learning

60
Q

how does indirect experience affect social decision-making?

A

reputations can inhibit impression updating when the reputation violates trust

61
Q

when learning ABOUT others: mental representations are?

A

models of others characterized by their goals, mental states, and emotional experiences

62
Q

what brain structure encodes mental representations of others?

A

dorsal medial prefrontal cortex

63
Q

encoding someone’s rationality is done by?

A

dmPFC and anterior temporal lobe

64
Q

encoding someone’s social impact/relevance is done by?

A

temporal parietal junction
precuneus
dorsal/ventral ACC

65
Q

encoding the someones valence (what is valence) is done by?

A 
their ingroup/out group status
TPJ
dlPFC
IFG
insula
66
Q

when learning ABOUT others: social space involves what?

A

social network complexity

67
Q

what can predict social network complexity?

A

lateral and medial amygdala functional connectivity and volume

68
Q

mPFC encodes perception of others, but what specifically?

A

closeness to self

ingroup/out group status

69
Q

social distance judgements are processed similarly to/by what?

A

space and time perception

- right inferior parietal lobule

70
Q

when judging someone’s popularity what structures does the brain recruit?

A

mPFC
amygdala
precuneus
left TPJ

71
Q

what is social learning?

A

behaviours acquired while observing and imitating others

72
Q

what is asocial learning?

A

learning from observing events that do not have a model present therefore learning solely from the outcome

73
Q

what is the key distinction between social and asocial learning?

A

empathy

74
Q

what are the 2 components of empathy?

A

affective

cognitive

75
Q

describe the cognitive component of empathy

A

imagining what it is like to be in someone’s place

76
Q

describe the affective component of empathy

A

ability to understand another person’s emotions and responding appropriately

77
Q

if someone is more empathetic, will they have a faster social learning rate?

A

yes

78
Q

what are neural correlates of threat learning and the amygdala?

A

capgras delusion

CS-US associations

contextual information

receiving/anticipating/controlling aversive stimuli

79
Q

what is the cause of capgras delusion?

A

an amygdala and temporal lobe disconnection

80
Q

what part of the amygdala forms CS/UCS associations?

A

lateral

81
Q

where do the lateral and basolateral amygdala receive contextual information from?

A

PFC and hippocampus

82
Q

the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex are involved in which amygdala neural correlate?

A

aversive stimuli

83
Q

what are the neural correlates of formal theories?

A

rewarding/reinforcement prediction errors

aversive/punishment prediction errors

84
Q

social learning of threat allows what? (3)

A
  1. avoid making our own mistakes
  2. identifying a good model with high social status
  3. observational threat learning
85
Q

the affective component of empathy involves which structures?

A 
visual cortex
IFG
inferior parietal lobe
insula
PM
86
Q

the cognitive component of empathy involves which structures?

A

mPFC TPJ, STS, precuneus, temporal poles

87
Q

safety learning is

A

threat extinction

88
Q

safety learning relies on which structure?

A

vmPFC

89
Q

what is active when observing someone’s action?

A

dlPFC

90
Q

what is active in addition to dlPFC with an outcome?

A

dmPFC and VS

91
Q

what is prosociality?

A

behaviours that are intended to benefit others

92
Q

what 4 factors does game theory introduce to interactions?

A
  1. number of players
  2. available actions
  3. payoffs
  4. information
93
Q

what is a positive sum game?

A

total gains and losses are greater than 0

- strategy that benefits everyone was used

94
Q

what is a negative sum game?

A

total gains and losses are less than 0

- not everyone was benefitted

95
Q

what is a zero sum game?

A

when one party wins and the other loses

- net wealth is 0

96
Q

what are free riders?

A

someone who benefits at the cost of the group

97
Q

where are free riders seen?

A

in social dilemmas that involve self/group interests

98
Q

what 3 factors promote prosocial behaviour?

A
  1. kin selection
  2. reciprocity
  3. multilevel selection
99
Q

social cognition involves?

A

behavioural restraint and prosocial intuition

100
Q

social dilemma games involve (3)

A

prisoner’s dilemma
public goods game
hawk-dove game

101
Q

bargaining games involve (3)

A

dictator game
trust game
ultimatum game

102
Q

what kind of game strategies are beneficial for one shot games but ambiguous for repeated games?

A

rational

103
Q

what can significantly influence behaviour

A

presence of potential reward or punishment for a particular strategy

104
Q

intuition vs deliberation models

A

intuition: fast/automatic/unconscious
deliberation: slow/controlled/conscious

105
Q

the prosocial restraint model argues…

A

cooperation stems from restraint of selfish impulses

106
Q

the prosocial institution model argues..

A

cooperation stems from intuition and is corrupted by selfish needs

107
Q

state the social heuristics hypothesis

A
  1. rational agents shouldn’t cooperate in one-shot games
  2. cooperation stems from error-prone intuition/self interest stems from corrective deliberation
  3. increasing intuition should not decrease cooperation
108
Q

dlPFC activity correlates with..

A

selfish gain

109
Q

dlPFC activity negatively correlates with

A

generosity

110
Q

utility models argue ___ activity reflects congruent social preferences

A

vmPFC

111
Q

if vmPFC reflects congruent social preferences, what reflects incongruent social preferences?

A

dlPFC

112
Q

vmPFC-dlPFC activity increase when?

A

social preference decisions conflict with social norms

113
Q

what contextual factors are invovled in utility models?

A

social norms and social identity

114
Q

majority of people are..

A

conditional cooperators

115
Q

minority of people are

A

consistently cooperative

116
Q

a good 23-30% of people are …

A

free riders

117
Q

personal identity involves what kind of comparison?

A

intragroup comparison

= between different ingroup members

118
Q

social identity involves what kind of comparison?

A

intergroup comparison

= between other out groups’ members

PSYC382 COGNITVE NEUROSCIENCE (2 decks)

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