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Primate Behaviour and Ecology > Social Living > Flashcards

Social Living Flashcards

1
Q

Agnostic

A

Behaviour related to physical conflict:

  • Offensive
  • Defensive
  • Submissive
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2
Q

Aggressive

A

Behaviour that threatens or delivers physical injury:

-Direct, discrete interaction

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3
Q

John Maynard Smith and Price

A
  • Evolutionary stable strategy
  • Game theory
    - More than 2 players who can make decisions
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4
Q

Hawk- Dove Model

A

Hawk- Always engage in aggression or escalate it.

Dove- Give up when one escalates.

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5
Q

Resource Holding Potential

Parker, 1974

A

Ones ability to win an all-out fight if one were to take place.

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6
Q

Deciding to fight

A

When winning is high the value of the resource is very high and the cost is very low.

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7
Q

Coalitions

A

‘A coalition is a coordinated attack by two or more individuals on one or more opponents, the so-called targets’ (Chapais 1995)

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8
Q

Coalition and Alliances

A

Options:

  • Relatives if available, familiar and trustworthy
  • Highest RHP individual available
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9
Q

Coalition and Alliances’ constraints

A
  • Demographic structure
  • Choices of others
  • Personal dominance rank
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10
Q

Winner and loser effects

A

If one is losing a fight they undergo physiological processes whereby they essentially give up. How one does in one fight may affect how they do in their next one.

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11
Q

Social Dominance

A

If two individuals fight and one wins and the other loses, the next time these two individuals come to fight they must ignore it as experience tells them that the same one will probs win again.

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12
Q

Dominant Individuals

A

Net benefits but they’re not expected to win every fight only the ones that matter.

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13
Q

Subordinate Individuals

A

Alternate sneaky strategies,

best of a bad job.

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14
Q

Dominance

A

Dyadic. Interactions and relationships.

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15
Q

Rank (Status)

A

Position across individuals. Relationships > Social structure. Primates aware of their relative rank.

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16
Q

Linear

A

A is dominant to B who is dominant to C

17
Q

Triangular

A

A is dominant to B who is dominant to C whose dominant to D but D is dominant to B

18
Q

Complex

A

A is dominant to B who is dominant to C whose dominant to D who is dominant to E but E is dominant to C and F

19
Q

Egalitarian

A

Such as Tonkean Macaques

20
Q

Despotic

A

Japanese Macaque

21
Q

Female Primate Hierarchies

A
  • Matrilineal
  • Size/age related
  • RHP/ Contest based
22
Q

Matrilineal inherited dominance

A 
Small group 
-Intrinsic power (RHP)
-Dominant FF=> RS
Medium group 
-Matriline size/ rank correlation 
-Kin based alliances
Large group 
-High ranking matrilines
-Dominant ranking 
-Rank/RS - Family grows faster 
- Maintains Dominance
(Dunbar, 1988)
23
Q

Why be dominant?

A

If you’re in a high ranking lineage the juveniles have a larger body mass as they get older.
Females of a high rank have a higher reproductive success.

24
Q

Lower stress

A
  • Socially astute
  • Confident
  • High ranking
25
Q

Benefits of high rank

A

-Reduces stress
-Improved access to food
Higher growth rates
Younger maturation
Increased fertility
Improved survival
-Improved access to other resources
Mates
Allies
Infant helpers
-Ability to manipulate group composition

26
Q

Benefits of group living

A
  • Protection from predators
  • Defence of food
  • Foraging efficiency
  • Care giving
27
Q

Dilution effect

A

Likelihood that any one individual is chosen by the predator decreases with group size. However, there may be a greater rate of encounters, little data on this.

28
Q

Selfish herd

A

Put other individuals between you and the predator. (Hamilton 1971)

29
Q

Sociality as anti-predation

A
  • Dilation
  • Selfish herd
  • Vigilance
  • Cooperative defence
  • Predator confusion
30
Q

Costs of Group Living : Indirect Costs

A
  • Coordination

- Travel time and more travel requires more energy and therefore more feeding required.

31
Q

Costs of Group Living : Direct Costs

A
  • Conspicuousness
  • Disease risk
  • Competition of resources needs extra foraging time
  • Harassment, aggression
32
Q

WG Scramble

A
  • Even costs +day range, - reproductive rates.

- Scale with group size

33
Q

WG Contest

A

-Skewed costs, dominance rank.

34
Q

Reproductive Suppression

A

Dominant females can suppress other females ovulation. This is done with pheromones.

Primate Behaviour and Ecology (4 decks)

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