Social Issues II

Question 1

What is Cambridge Analytica

Answer 1

It was a company that used data from Facebook to target people with political messages.

Question 2

How did Cambridge Analytica get the data

Answer 2

By exploiting a loophole in the API, they could get data from the friends of the people who participated in the survey. Essentially gaining access to millions of peoples accounts

Question 3

What did Cambridge Analytica use facebooks data with

Answer 3

they took data from ~270k users who completed a personality quiz

Question 4

How did Cambridge Analytica allegedly target people

Answer 4

Microtargeting is a direct marketing technique that track and target specific individuals (e.g., customers, supporters, voters).

Psychographics is a methodology used to describe individuals by psychological attributes.

Question 5

What political events have Cambridge Analytica known to be involved in

Answer 5

They worked with the 2016 presidential campaign of Ted Cruz and Donald Trump.

They were also accused of interfering with the Brexit referendum, but investigation failed to find any evidence supporting that.

Question 6

Define Microtargeting

Answer 6

a direct marketing technique that track and target specific individuals (e.g., customers, supporters, voters)

Question 7

What is Psychographics

Answer 7

a methodology used to describe individuals by psychological attributes.

You do not need to complete any quiz to have a psychological profile

Question 8

Has Psychographics been proven to work

Answer 8

40% more clicks if product ads are targeted to particular personality profiles

But, theres no evidence that it would change voting preferences/behaviour

Question 9

What is misinformation

Answer 9

• Has the intent to deceive
• It can be subtle, making hard to assess the truth
• It is fast and dangerous

Question 10

What are deepfakes

Answer 10

• Deepfakes are synthetic media, where the likeness of one person is replaced with that of another, often resulting in highly convincing and deceptive content.
  ○ It can also be used by scammers

Question 11

Define Fact-checking

Answer 11

verifying the accuracy of information and claims, typically in media or public statements

Question 12

Define content moderation

Answer 12

monitoring and managing content on digital platforms to precent the spread of misinformation and disinformation

Question 13

What is a filter bubble

Answer 13

A filter bubble is the intellectual or ideological isolation that might result from the way online platforms (e.g., Google, Facebook) limit the exposure to news and other information based on our past behaviour, search history, or demographic profile.

Question 14

What is an echo chamber

Answer 14

An echo chamber is a situation where individuals inside the chamber distrust everybody on the outside of it

Question 15

When we see a model what are the 3 questions we should ask

Answer 15

1. How well do the modelers understand the underlying science or theory of the system they are studying?
2. What are the assumptions and simplifications in the model?
3. How closely do the model predictions correspond with results from real experience?

Question 16

Give an example where algorithms have been used

Answer 16

Healthcare

Question 17

What is explainable AI

Answer 17

Explainable AI consists of a set of tools/frameworks that enable us to understand and interpret the predictions made by models

• Example
  COMPAS: a closed box with 180=180 factors predicting recidivism

Question 18

What is the alignment problem

Answer 18

The alignment problem
- The alignment problem: How to ensure that AI models capture our norms and values, understand what we mean or intend, and do what we want?
- aligned and misaligned systems.