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Social Influences Flashcards

1
Q

What is conformity ?

A

A change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure - David Myers

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of conformity

A

Compliance
Internalisation
Identification

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3
Q

What is compliance ?

A

Publicly conforming to the behaviour or views of a group but privately maintaining one’s own views - as a result of NSI

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4
Q

What is Internalisation ?

A

A change of private views to match those of the group - as a result of ISI

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5
Q

What is Identification ?

A

Adopting the views or behaviour of a group privately and publicly because one values membership of that group

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6
Q

2 reasons why people conform

A

Normative social influence

Informational social influence

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7
Q

Normative social influence

A

The desire to be liked
- we think that others will approve and accept us, to gain social approval
It is an emotional process

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8
Q

What is informational social influence

A

The desire to be right
- looking to others who we believe to be correct
A cognitive process (how you think)

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9
Q

Why people don’t conform

A

Independence

Anti-conformity

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10
Q

What is independence?

A

Being unresponsive to the norms of the group

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11
Q

What is anti-conformity

A

Consistently oppose the norms of the group

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12
Q

What experiment did ash do

A

The line study - to see if people would conform to a majority when given an unambiguous situation

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13
Q

How many participants did he have and who were they ?

A

He had 123 male undergraduates

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14
Q

Who is a confederate ?

A

A fake student

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15
Q

What did Asch find ?

A

75% conformed at least once

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16
Q

2 strengths of Asch’s line study

A

He had good internal validity

It was replicable

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17
Q

Negative evaluation points on Asch’s study

A
  • Gender Bias ~ can’t be generalised
  • Historical task ~ outdated can’t be applied
  • artificial task ~ unrealistic
  • age specific ~ can’t be generalised
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18
Q

Variations on Asch’s experiment

A

Unanimity
Task difficulty
Size of majority

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19
Q

Unanimity

A

When you have someone else who also doesn’t conform
Supports ISI - gives more confidence decreases conformity
Supports NSI - you would be likes by at least one person

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20
Q

Task difficulty

A

The more difficult or unclear the more conformity

Supports ISI - people will want to be right so they will go with what majority are going with if they are unsure

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21
Q

Size of majority

A

1 confederate = no conformity
2 confederates = 12.8% conformity
Supports NSI - more people the bigger the desire to be liked so increasing conformity

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22
Q

Zimbardo prison study

A

To see if dispositional or situational factors what affects conformity to social roles

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23
Q

Dispositional explanation of behaviour

A

Presumes people will act according to their individual personalities regardless of the situation

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24
Q

Situational explanation of behaviour

A

Presumes people will act in a way that they think is required by their social role - what is normal/expected
(They will conform to the role they have been assigned)

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25
How many dropped out of the Stanford prison experiment
5 due to extreme depression
26
Evaluation points of Zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment (strengths)
- It was realistic Set in a prison , they weren’t told what to do - they chose who they wanted to do the experiment Mentally and physically fit males
27
Evaluation points of Zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment ( weaknesses)
- Experimental bias - guards allowed to do whatever - zimbardo broke ethical issues - ‘protection of participant’
28
Obedience is ...
A direct order from an authoritative figure. This authoritative figure has the power to punish when individuals are not being obedient
29
Milgram’s obedience study
He had a student get electrocuted by a teacher everything theygot asked a question and got the answer wrong how ever they did not actually get electrocuted the responses were recorded There were 40males age 20-50
30
Evaluation of Milgrams obedience experiment (Strengths)
People were obedient to authority. It was realistic in The sense that people listen to authority even though they believe it is morally wrong. It can explain real life atrocities eg the Nazi’s were obedient to Hitler There is supportive evidence that supports Milgram. It was conducted by Miranda. They replicated Milgrams study in Spain and found the similar findings for obedience, it was 90%.
31
Evaluation of Milgrams obedience experiment (weaknesses)
It can’t be generalised as it was done on only males Milgram broke all 5 ethical issues - protection of participant, informed consent, deception, right to withdraw, confidentiality
32
3 variations of Milgrams obedience study
Location Proximity Uniform
33
Location
Less obedience when the venue is not as prestigious
34
Proximity
Proximity to the leaner and the experimenter - the closer to the leaner and further away from the experiment the less obedience
35
Uniform
Less obedience when the experimenter doesn’t have an official uniform
36
What is agentic state
When we blame the person giving the order for any negative consequences of our actions Becoming an ‘agent’ of theirs
37
Autonomous state
We feel a sense of responsibility for own actions
38
What is the shift from autonomy to agency known as
The agentic shift
39
Legitimacy of authority
We are more likely to obey people whom we see to have accepted power over us
40
Strengths of the legitimacy of authority
Research support - reliability, internal validity Cross cultural research - increases external validity Can explain real life war crimes
41
Weaknesses of legitimacy of authority
Doesn’t show how we
42
Strength of the agentic state
Supporting evidence - | Helps explain real life situations
43
Weakness of the agentic state
Ethical issues - deception - as it can offer an excuse Doesn’t not support or explain why people disobeyed Anti-social implications as it could be negatively used resulting in manipulation
44
Dispositional explanation for obedience
Authoritarian personality
45
What are key characteristics of the authoritarian personality
``` Respect Inflexible Contempt Conventional attitudes Superstition Submissiveness ```
46
What are 2 reasons people resist social influence
Locus of control | Social support
47
Who proposed locus of control
Rotter
48
What is internal locus of control
A person who believes that the behaviour is caused primarily by their own personal decisions and efforts
49
What is external locus of control
A person who believes their behaviour is caused primarily by fate, luck or by other external circumstances
50
Holland (1967) study - support of locus of control
Repeated milgrams baseline study and measured whether participants were internals or externals
51
What did Holland find in his study
37% were internals and did not continue to the highest shock level whereas only 25% of externals did not continue Increasing validity
52
Twenge et al (2004) study - challenging locus of control
Analysed data from American locus of control studies over a 40 yr period
53
What did Twenge et al find
He found that people have become more resistant to obedience but also more external We would expect people the become more internal -> could be a cause of a change in society where many things are out of personal control
54
Strengths of locus of control
Reliability - it was studied for over 40 yrs and found people became more resistant Validity - supportive research internals showed greater resistance 37%
55
Weaknesses of locus of control
Contradictory research - found people became more external Exaggeration due to demand characteristics as it has little influence when in a familiar situation
56
How does social support help to resist conformity
The pressure to conform can be reduced if there are other people present who are not conforming
57
How can social support help to resist obedience
The pressure to obey can be reduced if there is another person who is seen to disobey
58
Allen and Levine (1971)
When there is a dissenter in the room conformity levels drop | Shows people are free from group pressure
59
Gamson et al (1982)
There is research evidence that supports the role of dissenting peers in resisting obedience In his study 88% Rebelled
60
Consistency
Sticking to an argument | 2 types - synchronic and diachronic
61
Synchronic consistency
Agreement between the people in the minority group
62
Diachronic consistency
Agreement overtime
63
Commitment
Members in the minority group take risked by engaging in extreme activities to gain the attention of the majority group
64
Augmentation principle
Members in the majority group pay attention to those in the minority group due to the extreme activities
65
Flexibility
Adapting your point of view and accepting counter arguments (compromising)
66
Snowball effect
Gradual conversion to the minority view
67
Strengths of minority influence
Research support - consistency Research support - internalisation
68
Weakness of minority influence
Artificial task - lowers external validity Unrealistic - not applicable
69
What is the process of social change
``` Drawing attention Consistency Deeper processing Augmentation principle Snow ball effect Social cryptomnesia ```
70
Social Cryptomnesia
People having memory of a change that occurred but don’t remember how it happened
71
Moscovici study of minority influence - shows consistency
125 participants split into 4 per group On colour perception He found that when consistent 32% agreed with minority but when less consistent agreement with the minority dropped
72
What aspects of parenting does Adorno believe will cause authoritarian personality
Conditional love Severe criticisms of perceived failures Expectation of absolute loyalty Impossibly high standards

psychology (11 decks)

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