Approaches Flashcards
Who is Wundt
Wundt is the first psychologist to open a lab
He developed introspection
What is introspection
It is a controlled method of collecting thoughts and feelings it involves breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts images and sensations
A basic examination of our own thought processes
What did hunter find in his study
He found that teenagers were generally unhappy and were more happy and upbeat when focused on a task
What did both Watson and skinner believe about introspection
They thought it wasn’t scientific enough
The brought experimental methods into psychology
What do behaviourists believe
That behaviour is learnt they believe behaviounsshoild be visible, objective and measurable
What two types of conditioning do behaviourist believe in
Classical and operant
What is classical conditioning
It is behaviour that is learnt through associations
What is operant conditioning
Behaviour that is learnt through reinforcement
Behaviours believe in that we are born with behaviour therefore…
It is innate
Social learning theory is a branch off behaviourists they believe that
All behaviour is learnt
They believe that we learn behaviour through the…
Social process
What is the meaning of social process
Menacing we learn behaviour from other people
The social learning theory believe that we Ellen through
Observations and imitation of other people called role models
Bandura suggested that there are 4 meditational processes
The first 2 are learning processes the last 2 are processes to produce the behaviour
Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation
What is attention
The extent To which we noticed certain behaviours
What is retention
How well behaviour is remembered
What is the motor reduction
The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
What is motivation
The will to perform the behaviour which is often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished
What did bandura find in his study
Children who watched the aggressive behaviour imitated this
What is vicarious reinforcement
Indirect reinforcement through observing someone else receive reinforcement
What is modelling
Imitating the behaviour of a role model and the process of demonstrating a behaviour
Why is the cognitive approach different to learning theories
Because they believe that we need to study internal mental process in order to understand behaviour
What is the internal mental process
They are private processes of the mind such as perception attention and memory
What is a schema
A cognitive framework that helps us to organise and interpret information in the brain
Why are schemas useful
- short cuts
- fill in gaps
There are 2 models in the cognitive approach
Theoretical and computer models
Theoretical models
Simplified pictorial representations of mental processes based on current evidence then to make diagrams which are then adapted for new research
Computer models
Use Computer analogies to explain human process
What is cognitive neuroscience
A study of the brain and how cognitive processes effect the brain high allows us to scientifically and more accusatory observe internal mental processes
Scanning can help map the brain
What are the different scanning methods
fMRI
EEG
PET
What did Bruner et al do
They used fMRI scans to try and map areas of the brain involved in processing emotions
What did Bruner et al find
Found when people feel guilty several brain regions activate including the medial pre-frontal cortex which is associated with emotions
What is fMRI
Functioning magnetic resonance imaging
Measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow it looks at the level of oxygen in the blood inside the brain
EEG
Electroence phalogram
Used to find problems related to electronic activity of the brain it tracks and records brain wave patterns
Metal discs with electrodes are placed on the scalp and sends signals to a computer record results
PET
positron emission tomography
Shows how well certain parts of the brain are working
Helps to diagnose conditions that affect the hormonal workings of the brain eg dementia
3D imaging
What belief do biological psychologists hold about behaviour
That behaviour is innate
What does innate mean
That we are born with our behaviour and it varies due to variations in genetics
Biological psychologists believe that what explains behaviour best
Evolution genetics neural and hormonal mechanisms
What is a concordance rate
Measures how often two individuals who are closely related have the same disorder
What is genotype
Is the characteristics of your genes
What is your phenotype
The displayed characteristics of combined influence of genes and the environment
What is biochemistry
Is concerned with how chemicals in our body work this include chemicals such as neurotransmitters and hormones
What is a neurotransmitter
They relay messages between cells
Neurotransmitters cross synapses to pass on information
What 2 types of neurotransmitters do they look at in psychology
Dopamine
Serotonin
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution he called mechanisms behind biological evolution….
Natural selection
What is biological structure
The arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ system or living thing
What are the 3 main biological structures
Brain structure
Nervous system
Endocrine system
What is the brain structure
Certain brain regions have been involved in many psychological disorders eg schizophrenia
Nervous system
Primary internal communication stystem, it collects processes and responds to the environment
What is the endocrine sytem
A network of gland which work together to regulate the bodies functions
What is the assumption of the psychodynamic approach
That it focuses on dynamics of human behaviour whereby most of them are unconcious and direct and guide our behaviour
What does the psychodynamic approach put emphasis on
On the different states of mind both conscious and unconscious as well as the structures of personality
What does the psychodynamic approach suggest about childhood experiences
That they can play and important role in behaviour particularly abnormal behaviour
What does Freud believe about our mind
That some of it is inaccessible this is the unconscious mind
Conscious thought is thinks we are completely aware of
Preconscious is thoughts which sit below the surface and come out through slips of the tongue
What 3 structures of personality are there
ID
EGO
SUPEREGO
What is ID
Pleasure principle the desire to have everything without little regard for anyone
What is EGO
Reality principle - the idea that we make judgments in a situation based on right and wrong
What is SUPEREGO
Morality principle - strong moral judgment to do the right thing all the time
What is a defence mechanism
They distort reality so that the individuals anxiety is reduced
What is Repression
The unconscious blocking of negative / unacceptable thoughts
What is denial
Refusal to accept reality in order to avoid dealing with difficulty feelings associated with the situation
What is displacement
Redirection of thoughts and feelings onto something else
What are the 5 psychosexual stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
What are psychosexual stages used to explain
How early childhood experiences can influence the later behaviour of people
What is the oral stage
Focus of pleasure is around the mouth, mothers breast is the object of desire
What is the unresolved conflict of of the oral stage
Oral fixation - smoking, nail biting, sarcastic and critical
What is the anal stage
Focus of pleasure is the anus, learning to control bowel movements pleasure comes from holding and expelling faeces
What is the unresolved conflicts of the anal stage
Anal retentive - perfectionist, obsessive
Anal expulsion - messy , thoughtless
What is the phallic stage
Focus of pleasure is in the genital area
Development of the Oedipus and Electra complex - learning boys and girls have different genital
Penis envy and castrations anxiety
What is the unresolved conflicts of the phallic stage
Phallic personality narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual
What is the latency stage
A period of calm at this stage earlier conflicts from previous stages are repressed and pushed into the unconscious
What is the genital stage
Sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty onset
Sexual desires are formed with people outside of the family
What is the unresolved conflicts of the genital stage
Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
What role does the humanistic approach fully emphasise
The role of being fully consciously in control of your own desires
What do humanists believe
That free will is a key feature of behaviour and we can consciously choose how we wish to act
We have personal choice in how we behave
What do humanists rejects
Scientific study because they suggests that the studies should be subjective because all people are unique
What did Maslow create and what does it show
The hierarchy of needs
The most basic psychological needs at the bottom and more complex needs at the top
What did carl Rogers suggest about the importance of self concept in psychological health
It needs to be realistic and aligned with our ideal self
What is our ideal self
Who a person would like to be
What is self concept
The way in which a person views themselves
What two important needs does Rogers suggest we have
Unconditional positive regard and self worth
What is unconditional positive regard
Unconditional love
Rogers created a client-centred therapy what does he suggest
That mental health problems are likely to be found routed in child hood where children receives a lack of unconditional positive regard
What is congruence
Agreement - similarity between self concept and ideal self
