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Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Wundt

A

Wundt is the first psychologist to open a lab

He developed introspection

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2
Q

What is introspection

A

It is a controlled method of collecting thoughts and feelings it involves breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts images and sensations
A basic examination of our own thought processes

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3
Q

What did hunter find in his study

A

He found that teenagers were generally unhappy and were more happy and upbeat when focused on a task

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4
Q

What did both Watson and skinner believe about introspection

A

They thought it wasn’t scientific enough

The brought experimental methods into psychology

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5
Q

What do behaviourists believe

A

That behaviour is learnt they believe behaviounsshoild be visible, objective and measurable

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6
Q

What two types of conditioning do behaviourist believe in

A

Classical and operant

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7
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

It is behaviour that is learnt through associations

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8
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Behaviour that is learnt through reinforcement

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9
Q

Behaviours believe in that we are born with behaviour therefore…

A

It is innate

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10
Q

Social learning theory is a branch off behaviourists they believe that

A

All behaviour is learnt

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11
Q

They believe that we learn behaviour through the…

A

Social process

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12
Q

What is the meaning of social process

A

Menacing we learn behaviour from other people

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13
Q

The social learning theory believe that we Ellen through

A

Observations and imitation of other people called role models

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14
Q

Bandura suggested that there are 4 meditational processes

The first 2 are learning processes the last 2 are processes to produce the behaviour

A

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation

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15
Q

What is attention

A

The extent To which we noticed certain behaviours

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16
Q

What is retention

A

How well behaviour is remembered

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17
Q

What is the motor reduction

A

The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour

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18
Q

What is motivation

A

The will to perform the behaviour which is often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished

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19
Q

What did bandura find in his study

A

Children who watched the aggressive behaviour imitated this

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20
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement

A

Indirect reinforcement through observing someone else receive reinforcement

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21
Q

What is modelling

A

Imitating the behaviour of a role model and the process of demonstrating a behaviour

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22
Q

Why is the cognitive approach different to learning theories

A

Because they believe that we need to study internal mental process in order to understand behaviour

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23
Q

What is the internal mental process

A

They are private processes of the mind such as perception attention and memory

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24
Q

What is a schema

A

A cognitive framework that helps us to organise and interpret information in the brain

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25
Why are schemas useful
- short cuts | - fill in gaps
26
There are 2 models in the cognitive approach
Theoretical and computer models
27
Theoretical models
Simplified pictorial representations of mental processes based on current evidence then to make diagrams which are then adapted for new research
28
Computer models
Use Computer analogies to explain human process
29
What is cognitive neuroscience
A study of the brain and how cognitive processes effect the brain high allows us to scientifically and more accusatory observe internal mental processes Scanning can help map the brain
30
What are the different scanning methods
fMRI EEG PET
31
What did Bruner et al do
They used fMRI scans to try and map areas of the brain involved in processing emotions
32
What did Bruner et al find
Found when people feel guilty several brain regions activate including the medial pre-frontal cortex which is associated with emotions
33
What is fMRI | Functioning magnetic resonance imaging
Measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow it looks at the level of oxygen in the blood inside the brain
34
EEG | Electroence phalogram
Used to find problems related to electronic activity of the brain it tracks and records brain wave patterns Metal discs with electrodes are placed on the scalp and sends signals to a computer record results
35
PET | positron emission tomography
Shows how well certain parts of the brain are working Helps to diagnose conditions that affect the hormonal workings of the brain eg dementia 3D imaging
36
What belief do biological psychologists hold about behaviour
That behaviour is innate
37
What does innate mean
That we are born with our behaviour and it varies due to variations in genetics
38
Biological psychologists believe that what explains behaviour best
Evolution genetics neural and hormonal mechanisms
39
What is a concordance rate
Measures how often two individuals who are closely related have the same disorder
40
What is genotype
Is the characteristics of your genes
41
What is your phenotype
The displayed characteristics of combined influence of genes and the environment
42
What is biochemistry
Is concerned with how chemicals in our body work this include chemicals such as neurotransmitters and hormones
43
What is a neurotransmitter
They relay messages between cells | Neurotransmitters cross synapses to pass on information
44
What 2 types of neurotransmitters do they look at in psychology
Dopamine | Serotonin
45
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution he called mechanisms behind biological evolution....
Natural selection
46
What is biological structure
The arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ system or living thing
47
What are the 3 main biological structures
Brain structure Nervous system Endocrine system
48
What is the brain structure
Certain brain regions have been involved in many psychological disorders eg schizophrenia
49
Nervous system
Primary internal communication stystem, it collects processes and responds to the environment
50
What is the endocrine sytem
A network of gland which work together to regulate the bodies functions
51
What is the assumption of the psychodynamic approach
That it focuses on dynamics of human behaviour whereby most of them are unconcious and direct and guide our behaviour
52
What does the psychodynamic approach put emphasis on
On the different states of mind both conscious and unconscious as well as the structures of personality
53
What does the psychodynamic approach suggest about childhood experiences
That they can play and important role in behaviour particularly abnormal behaviour
54
What does Freud believe about our mind
That some of it is inaccessible this is the unconscious mind Conscious thought is thinks we are completely aware of Preconscious is thoughts which sit below the surface and come out through slips of the tongue
55
What 3 structures of personality are there
ID EGO SUPEREGO
56
What is ID
Pleasure principle the desire to have everything without little regard for anyone
57
What is EGO
Reality principle - the idea that we make judgments in a situation based on right and wrong
58
What is SUPEREGO
Morality principle - strong moral judgment to do the right thing all the time
59
What is a defence mechanism
They distort reality so that the individuals anxiety is reduced
60
What is Repression
The unconscious blocking of negative / unacceptable thoughts
61
What is denial
Refusal to accept reality in order to avoid dealing with difficulty feelings associated with the situation
62
What is displacement
Redirection of thoughts and feelings onto something else
63
What are the 5 psychosexual stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
64
What are psychosexual stages used to explain
How early childhood experiences can influence the later behaviour of people
65
What is the oral stage
Focus of pleasure is around the mouth, mothers breast is the object of desire
66
What is the unresolved conflict of of the oral stage
Oral fixation - smoking, nail biting, sarcastic and critical
67
What is the anal stage
Focus of pleasure is the anus, learning to control bowel movements pleasure comes from holding and expelling faeces
68
What is the unresolved conflicts of the anal stage
Anal retentive - perfectionist, obsessive | Anal expulsion - messy , thoughtless
69
What is the phallic stage
Focus of pleasure is in the genital area Development of the Oedipus and Electra complex - learning boys and girls have different genital Penis envy and castrations anxiety
70
What is the unresolved conflicts of the phallic stage
Phallic personality narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual
71
What is the latency stage
A period of calm at this stage earlier conflicts from previous stages are repressed and pushed into the unconscious
72
What is the genital stage
Sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty onset | Sexual desires are formed with people outside of the family
73
What is the unresolved conflicts of the genital stage
Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
74
What role does the humanistic approach fully emphasise
The role of being fully consciously in control of your own desires
75
What do humanists believe
That free will is a key feature of behaviour and we can consciously choose how we wish to act We have personal choice in how we behave
76
What do humanists rejects
Scientific study because they suggests that the studies should be subjective because all people are unique
77
What did Maslow create and what does it show
The hierarchy of needs | The most basic psychological needs at the bottom and more complex needs at the top
78
What did carl Rogers suggest about the importance of self concept in psychological health
It needs to be realistic and aligned with our ideal self
79
What is our ideal self
Who a person would like to be
80
What is self concept
The way in which a person views themselves
81
What two important needs does Rogers suggest we have
Unconditional positive regard and self worth
82
What is unconditional positive regard
Unconditional love
83
Rogers created a client-centred therapy what does he suggest
That mental health problems are likely to be found routed in child hood where children receives a lack of unconditional positive regard
84
What is congruence
Agreement - similarity between self concept and ideal self

psychology (11 decks)

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