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Social Influences Flashcards

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1
Q

Group?

A

Any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence each other, while sharing a common purpose.

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2
Q

What are the requirements for members of a group?

A

Members of a group must:

  • interact with eachother for longer than a few minutes
  • share a common goal
  • influences how each other behaves
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3
Q

Status?

A

Perceived position in a group. Can effect how members of a group behave toward each other and also the expectation they have of each other. It’s also linked with power, the higher the status of a person in a group, the more powerful they are or can be.

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4
Q

Collective?

A

A word used to describe a gathering of people engaged in a common activity but with minimal direct interaction

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5
Q

Power?

A

The ability to influence the ABC of other people; that is the affective, behavioural and cognitive components.

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6
Q

Hierarchy?

A

Any systems of persons or things ranked one above the other

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7
Q

Obedience?

A

The actions of an individual following the commands of someone with authority (e.g. A teacher, police officer or parent) or the rules and laws of our society.

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8
Q

What are the factors influencing obedience?

A

Social proximity, legitimacy of authority figures, group pressure

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9
Q

Social proximity?

A

The closeness between 2 or more people; the further away a victim is from an individual, the more likely that the individual will obey an order e.g. If someone told you to steal another persons belongings, you are more likely to obey if the owner of the belongings isn’t nearby.

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10
Q

Legitimacy of authority figures?

A

The more legitimate a person in authority appears the more likely a person is to obey, e.g. More likely to obey high ranking police officer than a person of no connection to police force

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11
Q

Group pressure?

A

Similar to peer pressure, if there are more people in favour of the person in power, you are less likely to resist. In other words if no one supports a existence you are more likely to obe

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12
Q

Reward power?

A

Ability to give positive consequences or remove negative consequences in response to specific behaviour e.g. An employer has the power to give a pay rise or promotion.

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13
Q

Coercive power?

A

Ability to give negative consequences or remove positive consequences in response to specific behaviour e.g. A teacher can give detention

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14
Q

Legitimate power?

A

An individual’s status or position in a group, institution or society in general gives the, the right (authority) to exercise power over those with a lower status or with less authority e.g. A group leader, captain of a team

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15
Q

Reverent power?

A

Individuals identify with or want to be like or liked by this person e.g. A celebrity you want to be like.

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16
Q

Expert power?

A

Having special knowledge and skills that are desirable or needed e.g. A student skilled in using a computer software application assists other students in the class

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17
Q

Informational power?

A

Having resources or information that are useful and aren’t available elsewhere e.g. Librarian

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18
Q

Conformity?

A

Adjusting ones thoughts and feelings to be in agreement with the social surrounding.

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19
Q

Compliance?

A

Changing behaviour that is requested by another (following rules)

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20
Q

What are the seven factors of conformity?

A

Unamity, informational influence, normative influence, social loafing, deindividuation, group size, culture

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21
Q

Unamity?

A

Complete agreement among members in a group

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22
Q

Informational influence?

A

Occurs when conformity results from a need for direction and information on how to respond in a specific situation.

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23
Q

Normative influence?

A

The pressure of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them.

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24
Q

Social loafing?

A

Refers to the tendency of an individual to make less effort when involved in a group activity than when working alone

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25
Q

Deindividuation ?

A

Loss of self awareness when part of a group to gain the social identity of the group, individuals focus on group activities rather than internal thoughts.

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26
Q

Group size?

A

Conformity increases with a group size of 4-7 ppl

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27
Q

Culture?

A

Ideas, customs,band social behaviour apparent in different societies affects how people conform

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28
Q

Peer group?

A

A group comprising of people who have similar interests, do the same sorts of things and often associate or interact with one another.

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29
Q

Clique?

A

A small group of adolescent friends of similar age and generally of the same sex

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30
Q

Peer pressure?

A

It is a social influence by peers; that is, real or imagined pressure to think, feel or behave according to standards, or “guidelines” that are determined by peers

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31
Q

Risk-taking behaviour?

A

Behaviour that has potentially negative consequences; it has the potential to harm the individual’s psychological wellbeing and/or physical health in some way, harm may range from minor injury/embarrassment - long term trauma or even death

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32
Q

Social behaviour ?

A

Any behaviour involving interaction between two or more people

33
Q

Pro-social behaviour?

A

Any behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group or society

34
Q

What are personal factors?

A

Our unique traits, our perception

35
Q

Personal factors include?

A

Empathy, mood and competence

36
Q

Empathy?

A

The ability to identify with and understand another person’s feelings or difficulties

37
Q

Mood?

A

Present attitude/emotional state effects how we react to situations where help is needed (can be good or bad mood)

38
Q

Competence?

A

Perceived ability to help someone

39
Q

What are situational factors?

A

Context/environment

40
Q

What are the factors effecting pro social behaviour?

A

Personal factors, situational factors and social norm factors

41
Q

Noticing?

A

Individual focuses their attention on a situation that is different or unusual, individuals more likely to notice when alone compared to when in a group

42
Q

Interpreting?

A

How an individual perceives a situation, what they think is going on, some situations in which help may be required are ambiguous or unclear

43
Q

Situational Responsibility?

A

The belief that you need to intervene and help after interpreting the situation.

44
Q

What are social norm factors?

A

The surrounding people and the norms in general

45
Q

Situational factors include?

A

Noticing, interpreting and responsibility

46
Q

Social norm factors include?

A

Social reciprocity and social responsibility

47
Q

Social reciprocity?

A

We should give what we receive or expect to receive that we should help others who help us

48
Q

Social responsibility?

A

We should help those who need help because it’s our responsibility/duty/ are expected to do so.

49
Q

Bystander effect?

A

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help another person in need when bystanders are present, or believed to be present, as compared to when they are alone and the greater the numbers of bystanders, the less likely any of them are to help.

50
Q

Altruism?

A

Pro-social behaviour focussed on the wellbeing or benefit of others without any thought to personal gain or reward.

51
Q

What are the factors that make us reluctant to help?

A

Audience inhibition, cost-benefit analysis, diffusion of responsibility

52
Q

Audience inhibition?

A

Reluctance to help is increased when the individual is in fear of getting embarrassed whilst helping the victim

53
Q

Cost-benefit analysis?

A

Individual outweighs/makes a prediction of the pros&cons if they choose to help in a situation where help is needed

54
Q

Diffusion of responsibility?

A

Sense if responsibility to help is reduced when there is a larger crowd/ amount of bystanders because the individual is “mentally handing over” the responsibility of helping someone to the others around them. Vice versa, when the crowd is smaller you are more likely to help.

55
Q

Aggression?

A

Can be verbal, physical or both. It is a type of behaviour with an intention to harm, whether it’s subtle- ignoring someone by not talking to them- or not subtle which can cause physical, psychological or both damage to a person (including self), animal or object. Brutality of all kinds is aggressive behaviour, demonstrations of aggressive behaviour include domestic violence, bullying, harassment etc.

56
Q

Anti-social behaviour?

A

Any behaviour that is disruptive or harmful to the wellbeing or property of another person, or to the functioning of a group or society.

57
Q

What are factors that increase anti-social or aggressive behaviour?

A

Biological, ethological, psychodynamic and social learning

58
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Aggression is an inner urge or force that builds up within us until it needs to be released-emphasises mostly on the interaction of unconscious mental processes in explaining aggression

59
Q

Who is the scientist associated with psychodynamic perspective?

A

Freud

60
Q

Biological perspective?

A

Aggression has a biological basis and is therefore influenced by our genes, biochemistry, brain and nervous system.

61
Q

Who was the scientist associated with ethological perspective?

A

Konrad Lorenz

62
Q

Social learning perspective?

A

Aggression is a learned behaviour and most of the learning occurs through observing aggressive behaviour and copying what we see

63
Q

What are different factors that affect aggression np biologically?

A

Genetics, neural and biochemical influences

64
Q

Genetic influences?

A

Our inherited characteristics- believed it may make us more likely to become or to be an aggressive person, tested this through breeding really aggressive animals together and breeding really nice animals together.

65
Q

Neurophysiological/neural influences?

A

Brain plays a crucial role in aggression-parts such as hypothalamus, amygdala and cerebral cortex have been found to be associated with aggressive behaviour.

66
Q

Biochemical influences?

A

Aggression linked with presence and activity of certain chemicals in the body, they can be natural e.g. Hormones like testosterone (males tend to be more aggressive) or not natural e.g. Illicit drugs or alcohol.

67
Q

Social learning perspective ?

A

Aggression is a learned behaviour and most of the learning occurs through observing aggressive behaviour and copying what we see.

68
Q

What is a common type of social learning?

A

Observational learning/modelling

69
Q

Observational learning?

A

Learning by someone else’s behaviour and the consequences of their behaviour and then modelling or imitating the behaviour, you are more likely to imitate behaviour of someone who matters to us or to whom we can relate in some way.

70
Q

Which psychologist is associated with applying social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

71
Q

Bandura identified 4 processes through which observational learning occurs:

A
  1. You must pay attention to the models behaviour and the consequences 2. You must remember what was observed 3. You must have the ability to reproduce, or imitate the observed behaviour 4. You must be motivated to perform the behaviour
72
Q

What are the types of risk taking behaviour?

A

Thrill seeking, reckless, anti-social and rebellious

73
Q

Thrill seeking?

A

Adults and kids, no real harm, seek excitement, socially acceptable/legal e.g. Roller coaster

74
Q

Reckless?

A

Threat of injury, adults and kids, usually illegal or not recommended, seek excitement, e.g. Drink driving

75
Q

Rebellious?

A

Child and teenager crossing adult boundaries e.g. Breaking curfews

76
Q

Cerebral cortex?

A

Thin layer around brain, associated with decision making, planning, plotting aggression, more complex, intelligence

77
Q

Amygdala ?

A

Process emotional context e..g. Feelings of sadness, can then trigger hypothalamus and then cerebral cortex so therefore plays a part in aggression

78
Q

Hypothalamus?

A

Stress activation, aggression may come from over stressed hypothalamus, when it has been stimulated a lot.

79
Q

Social Influences?

A

The effects of the presence or actions of others, real or imagined, on the way we think, feel and behave, this impact can be constructive, destructive or neutral

Psychology (4 decks)

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