Attitudes

Question 1

ABC Model

Answer 1

An attitude has 3 components: Affective (our feelings), Behavioural (Our actions) and Cognitive (our thoughts)

Question 2

Dissonance

Answer 2

When our behaviours and attitudes don’t match each other.

Question 3

Consistency

Answer 3

When the ABC model match each other

Question 4

Strength and direction of attitude

Answer 4

How strong and predictable an attitude is. Can be measured in observational studies, self reports, open vs closed questions, likely scales.

Question 5

Observational studies

Answer 5

Observe what someone else does, infer or assume, underlying attitude which may be associated with the observed behaviour

Question 6

Naturalistic

Answer 6

Person doesn’t know they are being observed, they are in their own environment (observational studies are usually naturalistic)

Question 7

Non-naturalistic

Answer 7

Person knows they are being observed and are in an unfamiliar environment

Question 8

Self-report methods

Answer 8

Are written or spoken answers to questions and statements presented to the researcher e.g. Free response (qualitive), and fixed response (closed Qs)

Question 9

Questionnaire

Answer 9

A written set of questions which are used as part of a survey, usually involves asking and answering questions in writing

Question 10

Interview

Answer 10

Involves researcher asking questions with the aim of obtaining self-report info on a topic of research interest, face to face, interactive, qualitative or quantitive.

Question 11

Rating scales

Answer 11

Scales provide a series of fixed response questions or statements about different aspects of an attitude. Used to measure direction, and/or strength , is quantitive data

Question 12

Likert scales

Answer 12

Focuses on measuring the direction of an attitude, usually 20 questions, respondents indicate how much they agree or disagree on a 5 point scale, half statements are worded positively and the other half negatively, the responses are scored and equal the attitude score

Question 13

Strength of an attitude

Answer 13

Attitudes can be strong or weak/less intense, a strong attitude is usually thought about, well known and easily accessible, also tends to be personally relevant and contain a strong underlying emotional component

Question 14

Direction of an attitude

Answer 14

Whether you are for or against an attitude

Question 15

Accessibility

Answer 15

Is a strong attitude that easily comes to mind, been thought about, well known, and stored in memory ready for use

Question 16

Social Context

Answer 16

The attitude that leads to actual behaviour may be dependant on the social context or specific situation in which a person finds themselves in. They act according to what is expected rather than how they feel

Question 17

Perceived control

Answer 17

Is the belief an individual has that they are free to perform, when they act on their attitude because they can do something about it and there is nothing really stopping them from doing it

Question 18

Stigma

Answer 18

A negative label associated with disapproval or rejection by others who aren’t labelled in that way e.g. People in wheelchairs are often stereotyped as being very dependant on others and living limited lifestyles

Question 19

Stereotype

Answer 19

A collection of beliefs about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members of that group (“all are the same”) e.g. A family always has mum and dad (doesn’t consider gay couples). Is essentially negative, ignores individuality and makes broad assumptions

Question 20

Prejudice

Answer 20

Is a “pre-judgement” (deciding before getting to know the details, or hearing the other side) holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group. A belief. Is best described as an attitude.

Question 21

Discrimination

Answer 21

Positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members. Is best described as behaviour. Positive e.g. Mothers can access maternity leave for 16 weeks. Negative e.g. Whites only, no blacks

Question 22

Old-fashioned prejudice

Answer 22

Obvious beliefs, total overt discrimination, uneducated, e.g. The belief that the ideal woman belongs in the kitchen

Question 23

Modern prejudice

Answer 23

Subtle or hidden, often hidden by initially good intentions and usually lack of awareness, e.g. Rich people going over and helping poor people and advertising it

Question 24

What are Blumers 4 characteristics on prejudice?

Answer 24

Majority and minority group. Majority group believes:
1. Superiority 2. Minority “don’t belong” 3. That they are the most powerful of the two groups 4. Majority fearful of minority

Question 25

Direct Discrimination

Answer 25

Occurs when someone is treated unfairly and is disadvantaged because of a personal characteristic protected by the law, it is intentional and aimed at a certain group or person

Question 26

Indirect discriminations

Answer 26

Occurs when treating everybody the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic

Question 27

Ingroup

Answer 27

Any group to which an individual belongs or with which an individual identifies

Question 28

Outgroup

Answer 28

Any group to which an individual does not belong or identify

Question 29

Modelling

Answer 29

A type of learning that involves observing behaviour and its consequences to guide ones future thoughts, feelings or behaviour. Aka observational learning

Question 30

Intergroup conflict

Answer 30

When members of different groups compete to achieve or control something that is wanted by the members of each group

Question 31

Intergroup contact

Answer 31

A strategy for reducing prejudice by increasing specific types of direct contact between two groups who are prejudiced against each other

Question 32

Mutual interdependence

Answer 32

Placing two groups who dislike or are prejudiced against each other in a contact situation which causes them to be dependant on each other and not themselves (leads to a breakdown of stereotypes and prejudice)

Question 33

Super ordinate goals

Answer 33

A goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals which each other group might have.

Question 34

Equality of status

Answer 34

Where each group is of equal status, so that there is a sense of equality to prevent a sense of superiority which leads to prejudice

Question 35

Attitude

Answer 35

An idea about ourselves or others or objects and experiences. An attitude causes a person to act in a positive or negative way.