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Psychology Paper 1 > Social Influence Topic > Flashcards

Social Influence Topic Flashcards

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1
Q

define conformity

A

choosing to go along with the majority ( can yield publicly or privately)

yielding to group pressure

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2
Q

define internlaisation

A

genuinely accepts the ideas of the group
permanent change regardless of group absence

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3
Q

define identification

A

value the group and want to be apart of it
public change BUT privately disagrees

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4
Q

define compliance

A

simply going along with others in public but not changing in private.
stops as soon as group pressure groups
superficial change

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5
Q

2 types of conformity
INFORMATIONAL

A

ISI= conforming because they are uncertain about what to do and want to be right/correct so look to majority for answers
= internalisation (Convince they are wrong and the group is right= private and public acceptance)

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6
Q

2 types of conformity
NORMATIVE

A

conform in order to fit in and gain approval/ avoid disapproval from other group members
= compliance (only a public change)
following to social norms because its customary to do so

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7
Q

strengths of NSI and ISI explanation
RESEARCH SUPPORT

A
  • research support: people conforming in situation they don’t know; supported by ISI explanation

-research support: ASCH ; participants went along with the wrong answer. when asked its because they were “afraid of disapproval” = supports NSI

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8
Q

Weaknesses of ISI and NSI explanation
INDIVDUAL DIFFERENCES

A

individual differences with NSI: does not affect everyone’s behaviour in the same way
- depends on how concerned the individual is with being liked= nAffliators

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9
Q

Aim of Asch and Sample

A

see effects of group pressure on conformity
- 123 American Males undergraduates

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10
Q

Asch procedure

A

showed two white lines ( a standard & 3 comparison lines)
asked what the line matched the standard
confederates started toggle the wrong answers

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11
Q

Asch findings

A

75% conformed at least once
when asked why = “ to avoid rejection”= NSI

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12
Q

Asch Variation

A

Group Size - addition of confederates giving the wrong answer had no extra effects on conformity = only takes 3 people to conform

unanimity- confederate sometimes gave correct answer = conformity was reduced = more independence

Task difficulty- Conformity increased with task difficulty (ISI)

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13
Q

define obedience

A

social influence which cause s a person to act in response to an order given by an authority figure

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14
Q

Aim and sample of Milgrams study

A

investigate why people obey & to understand the holocaust
40 male participants from America
hired by Adverts - deception: told it was a study about memory
offered money to take part

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15
Q

procedure of Milgrams study

A

laboratory study
A confederate who was a learner and anticipant was a teacher
experimenter dressed in a lab coat
teacher required to give the learner an increasing severe electric shock each time learner made mistake
teachers asked for guidance from experimenter; given standard prods to continue

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16
Q

Strengths of Milgrams study
GENERALIAZABLE

A

can be generalized: replicated(lab study) all over the world and consistent results have been found

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17
Q

weaknesses of MIlgrams study
OVER SIMPLIFIED

A

said that findings are over generalized and simplified as an explanation of the holocaust

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18
Q

findings of Milgrams study

A

none stopped before 300 volts
65% continued to the highest level
all were debriefed after

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19
Q

findings of zimbardo

A
  • guards were enthusiastic to take up their roles
  • day 2= prisoners rebelled
  • guards used “divide and rule”
  • constantly harassed prisoners (highlighting the difference in social roles)
  • prisoners became depressed
  • guards continued to identify with their social roles more and more as the study went on

= show power of situation to influence peoples behavior (all conformed to social roles)

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20
Q

strengths of zimbardos study

A

control : zimbardo had control over variables by selecting his participants (emotionally stable) to rule out individual difff3erences = increase internal validity

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21
Q

weaknesses of Zimbardos study

LACK OF REALISM

A

lack of realism: psychologists argue that participants were just acting rather than genuinely conforming based on serotypes

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22
Q

weaknesses of Zimbardos study

ROLE OF DISPOTIONAL FACTORS

A

accused of exaggerating situational factors and leaving out personality
(only 1/3 of guards acted harshly)
= conclusion may be overstated as guards could be nice and show free will even in the situation

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23
Q

weakness of Zimabrdos study

ETHICAL ISSUES

A

Zimbardo’s dual role in the study prevented a participants from leaving (not given the ‘right to withdraw’ ) & prisoners became depressed (lack of ‘protection of participants’)

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24
Q

weakness of Milgrams study
ETHICAL ISSUES

A

ethical issues: participants was under emotional stress and long term effects of knowing they were capable of physical harm (protection of participants)

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25
Q

strengths of Milgram’s study
RESEARCH SUPPORT

A

research support: Hofling study with nurses and medication= external validity

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26
Q

weaknesses of NSI and ISI
WORK TOGETHER

A

ISI and NSI worker together:approach suggest one or the other but most of the time work together

27
Q

explain the agentic state

A
  • following orders & not being responsible
    may feel moral strain if ‘doing wrong’ BUT are powerless in the lower hierarchy position
  • binding factors keep us in the agentic state even when we want to disobey (reduce our moral strain) = reassuring its not their responsibility
28
Q

social psychological factors of obedience
explain the autonomous state

A

independent and have free will over our actions
BUT when ordered by an authority figure we make an agentic shift to the agentic state

29
Q

social psychological factors of obedience:
explain the legitimacy of authority

A
  • a social hierarchy and we accept who is at the top = trust them to exert their power appropriately & willing to give up independence
    BUT some may exploit their legitimate authority to cause destruction = destructive authority
    believe in their authority = act in agentic state , believing we are simply following orders
30
Q

strengths of legitimacy of authority
RESEARCH SUPPORT

A

when asked who was responsible in the milgram experiment students said it was the ‘experimenter’ and not the participants because he had responsibility because he was in authority + in uniform = increased validity of explanation

31
Q

strengths of legitimacy of authority
CULTURAL DIFFERNCES

A

study repeated and findings support this . = cross cultural research increased validity

32
Q

weaknesses of the agentic shift
LIMITED EXPLANATION

A

does not explain other research (Milgram- some did not obey) Generalizes the reaction of people with lower authority
only useful in some situations

33
Q

situational variables
define LOCATION

A

place when an order is issued (depends on status or prestige associated with location)
- run down office = 47.5%
status of location changed participants perception of the legitimacy of authority of the experimenter

34
Q

situational variables
define UNIFORM

A

symbolic of authority, indicated who is entitled to obedience
ordinary member of public as experimenter (20%)

35
Q

situational variables
define PROXIMITY

A

physical closenesses or distance from authority
-variation (teacher and learner in the same room: 40%)

Touch proximity; teacher had to force learners hand (35%)

remote proximity; experimenter left the room and gave instructions to the teacher by the phone (20.5% & pretended to give shocks)

36
Q

strengths of situational variables
RESEARCH SUPPORT

A

bickman demonstrated the influence of Situational variables (uniform with a greater perceived authority was obeyed more)

37
Q

strengths of situational variables
CONTROL OF VARIABLES +CROSS CULTRUAL REPLICATION

A

= can be replicated
findings are to limited to American males= generalizable to a wider population

38
Q

weaknesses of situational variables
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS

A

pps can guess the shocks were not real = demand characteristics= lack of internal validity

39
Q

weaknesses of situational variables
THE ‘OBEDIENCE ALIBI’

A

considers situational explanation to be offensive to the holocaust because it removes personal responsibility = risk trivializing genocide

40
Q

what 3 things are needed to make minority influence successful

A

consistency
commitment
flexibility

41
Q

define consistency

A

increase the amount of interest from other people& rethink their own views
synchronic: people are all saying the same thing
diachronic: saying the same thing all the time

42
Q

define commitment

A

engage in extreme activities to draw attention to their cause at some risk because it demonstrates commitment to the cause
majority members start to pay more attention = augmentation principle

43
Q

define flexibility

A

balance of consistency and flexibility so they dont appear rigid

44
Q

what does flexibility, commitment and consistency lead to

A

people think more about the topic than majority views = become converted and switch from the majority to the minority ( more this happens= faster rate of conversion= snowball effect

minority becomes the majority+ social change has occurred

45
Q

define minority influence

A

a type of social influence which minority rejects the established norm and persuades the majority to move to the position of the majority
=internalisation (public + private change)

46
Q

minority influence
SERGE MOSCOVICI
aim and sample

A

how important is consistency in influencing the majority as the minority
“blue slide green slide”
participants given eye tests to ensure they weren’t color blind
placed in group with 4 other people and 2 confederates

47
Q

minority influence
SERGE MOSCOVICI
procedure

A

36 slides that were different shades of blue and asked to state the color
consistent confederates saying green for each slide= 8.25%
inconsistent=1.3%
control group (no confederates)= 0.25%

48
Q

minority influence
SERGE MOSCOVICI
conclusion

A

minority can influence majorities & much more effective when minority are consistent

49
Q

strengths of minority influences explanations
RESEARCH SUPPORT FOR CONSISTENCY

A

moscovici demonstrated that minority are consistent= can influence the majority

50
Q

strengths of minority influences explanations
RESEARCH SUPPORT FOR DEPTH OF THOUGHT

A

found that people are less willing to change their opinion to new conflicting views if they have listened to a minority rather than if they have listened to the majority
= minority message been more deeply processed and had more enduring effect

51
Q

weaknesses of minority influences explanations
ARTIFICAL TASKS

A

real life situations are more complicated (eg Asch) + cannot capture the commitment of minorities to their cause = findings lack external validity = limits real world application

52
Q

explanation for resistance to social influence
LOCUS OF CONTROL

A

sense we have about what directs events in our lives on a continuum
external = without control
internal= more responsible for actions = resist pressures as more likely to base their decisions on their own belief because more self confident with less need for social approval = greater resistance

53
Q

explanation for resistance to social influence
LOCUS OF CONTROL

A

sense we have about what directs events in our lives on a continuum
external = without control
internal= more responsible for actions = resist pressures as more likely to base their decisions on their own belief because more self confident with less need for social approval = greater resistance

54
Q

strengths for locus of control explanation
RESEARCH SUPPORT

A

repeated Milgram’s study and measured LoC = internals did not continue to the highest and showed greater resistance
= higher validity

55
Q

weaknesses for locus of control explanation
CONTRADICTORY RESEARCH

A

data showed over 40 years people become more resistant to obedience but more internal ( = challenges link between LoC and resistance) = lacks temporal validity as not supported overtime

56
Q

weaknesses for locus of control explanation
ROLE OF LoC MAY BE EXAGGERATED

A

rotter found its only important in new situations + has little influence in familiar situations where previous experiences are more important = explanation is limited = less applicable

57
Q

weaknesses for locus of control explanation
ROLE OF LoC MAY BE EXAGGERATED

A

rotter found its only important in new situations + has little influence in familiar situations where previous experiences are more important = explanation is limited = less applicable

58
Q

define resistance

A

ability of people to withstand social pressure to conform to the majority or obey

59
Q

explanation for resistance to social influence
SOCIAL SUPPORT

A

presence of people (dissenters) who resist pressure to conform/ obey can help others do the same thing
act as models to show free will is possible
BUT effect is not long lasting

60
Q

strengths of social support
RESEARCH SUPPORT (ALLEN + LEVINE)

A

independent increased with one dissenter= resistance is not motivated by following what some one is doing but enables someone to be free from the pressure of the group

61
Q

strengths of social support
RESEARCH SUPPORT (gamson)

A

found higher
levels of resistance in studies when in groups =peer support is linked greater to resistance

62
Q

define social cryptomnesia

A

people have a memory that change has occurred but some people have no memory of the events leading to that change

63
Q

steps for how social change occurs
6 points

A

drawing attention
consistency
deeper processing
augmentation principale
snowball effect
social cryptomnesia

64
Q

dispositional: authoritarian personality

A

have an inherent disposition to obedience
internal explanation - part of personality
people whose disposition makes them submissive to authority and dominating of people with lower status within the hierarchy and members of an out-group.

Adorno et al
created the F-scale personality test to measure the authoritarian personality in people.
, Milgram found that people who were highly obedient in his experiments scored higher on the F-scale than those who disobeyed.

Psychology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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