Social Influence Research Sup

Question 1

Neto 1995 study
Smith and bond
(For conformity asch)

Answer 1

Neto found women to be more conformist as they are more concerned about social relationships and being accepted. Asch study lacks ability to tell us about conformity in women.

Smith and bond found in collectivist cultures to have higher conformity rates like China, asch study lacks population val.

Question 2

Lucas et al.

Asch conformity

Answer 2

Asked participants to solve easy and hard maths problems. Greater conformity when questions were harder to when they were easier. Most true for student who rated ability as poor.

Shows asch was correct in claiming that task difficulty is a variable which affects conformity.

Lucas found conformity to be more complex than asch suggested as ppts with high confidence conformed less. Shows that individual level factor can influence conformity by interaction with situational variables.

Question 3

McGhee and Teevan

Answer 3

Found that students who were nAffiliators were more likely to conform.

Question 4

Banuazizi and movahedi

Zimbardo

Answer 4

Argued that the participants were play acting rather than genuinely conforming to a role. Their performances based on stereotypes of how to behave.
One of the guards claimed to base their role on a character from cool hand Luke.

The findings therefore can’t tell us much about conformity to social roles in real life prisons.

Question 5

McDermott

Zimbardos research

Answer 5

Argued that prisoners did behave as if the prison was real. 90% of prisoners conversations were about prison life. One prisoner explained how he believed the prison was real but run by psychologists instead.

Suggests SPE did replicate social roles of prisoners and guards as if in a real prison. Gives it high internal val.

Question 6

Beauvois et al.

Milgram

Answer 6

A game show for a tv program, where ppts were paid to give shocks to other ppts who were acc actors. In front of a studio audience. 80% of ppts went up to the full shock of 460 volts.

Suggests milgrams findings demonstrates they were not just due to special circumstances.

Question 7

Orne and Holland

Milgram

Answer 7

Orne and Holland argued that ppts realised the shocks were fake and that ppts didn’t believe in the set up. So ppts were displaying demand characteristics trying to fulfil the aims of the study.

Question 8

Bickman

Situational variables

Answer 8

Had confeds dress in different outfits, jacket and tie, milkman’s outfit and security guards uni
Asked passers to pick up litter or hand over money for parking meter

People more likely to obey person dressed as security guard than one in jacket and tie. Supports that uniform has a powerful effect on obedience.

Question 9

Holding et al

Rank and Jacobson

Answer 9

Unknown doc calls 22 nurses and also them to administer an overdose of a drug not on their ward list. 95% of nurses started to administer the drug and obeyed w out question.

Rank and javobson repeated holfings study with changes. Nurses asked by doctor to administer overdose of Valium. Only 2 out of 18 of nurses obeyed drs order.

Question 10

Meeus and Raaijmakers

Situational variables

Answer 10

Ppts were ordered to say stressful things in interview to someone desperate for a job. 90% of ppts obeyed. Researches also tested proximity and person giving orders wasn’t there obedience decreased.

Suggests findings of obedience are valid across cultures, cultural and population val

Question 11

Smith and bond

Situational variables

Answer 11

Identified only 2 replications in non western countries (India and Jordan) alongside other countries like Australia and Spain

Means it isn’t appropriate to conclude Milgram findings to other cultures. Lacks cultural validity.

Question 12

Orne and Holland

Situational variables

Answer 12

Criticism of Milgram variation that because of extra manipulation of variables ppts could easily of worked out the truth that they were fake. For example when experimenter replaced with member of public.

Question 13

Mandel

Situational variables

Answer 13

Mandel criticised Milgram as believes it offers and excuse or alibi for evil behaviour. It is offensive to survivors of the holocaust to suggest they were just obeying orders. Milgram exp also ignores the role of dispositional factors such as personality.

Question 14

Kilham and mann

Situational exp

Answer 14

Found 16% of female Australian ppts went all the way up to 450 volts.

Question 15

Mantell

Situational exp

Answer 15

Found 85% of German females went up to 450 volts.

Question 16

Elms and Milgram

Dispositional exp

Answer 16

Interviewed sample of people who participated in f scale who scored high on scale 20 ppts in comparison to 20 disobedient ppts.
Supports adornos findings that obedient ppts have similar characteristics to ppts who have authoritarian personality.

Question 17

Christie and jahoda

Dispositional exp

Answer 17

Argued that f scale is pollitically biased interpretation of authoritarian personality. Extreme right and left wing ideologies have a lot in common.
Means adornos theory is not comprehensive dispositional explain action that accounts for obedience to authority across the whole political spectrum

Question 18

Albrecht et al.

Social support

Answer 18

8 week program to help pregnant teens 14-19 to resist pressure to smoke. Ss was provided by a buddy. Teens that had a buddy were less likely to smoke to teens that didn’t have a buddy.

Shows it has real world application

Question 19

Gamson et al

Social support

Answer 19

Ppts were told to produce evidence that would help an oil company run a smear campaign. Found higher levels of resistance in their study. We’re in groups so could discuss 29/33 groups of ppts 88% rebelled against their orders.

Question 20

Holland

Social support loc

Answer 20

Repeated milgrams baseline and measured wether ppts were internal or external. 37% of internals didn’t continue to highest shock level only 23% of externals didn’t continue.

Question 21

Twenge et al

Social support LOC

Answer 21

Analysed data from American loc studies over 40 year period. Data showed people became more resistant to obedience but more external.

Question 22

Wood et al.

Minority influence

Answer 22

Carried out meta analysis of around 100 similar studies and found minorities who were consistent were most influential.

Question 23

Martin et al

Minority influence

Answer 23

Presented a message supporting a Brie point and measures ppts agreement. One group of ppts heard a majority agree with it. Ppts were then exposed to to conflicting views and attitudes and measured again. Ppts less willing to change their opinions if they had listened to minority than a majority group.