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Psychology gcse > Social Influence p2 > Flashcards

Social Influence p2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Change?

A

When society adopts a new belief or way of behaving which then becomes widely accepted as the norm.

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2
Q

How might majority influence be used to reduce stigma on mental health?

A

1- Get minority to conform to new view on mental health.

2- Conformity will hopefully be internalised to promote real changes in views (informational conformity).

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3
Q

Dispositional and Situational Factors

A 
D= how are own personality can affect whether or not we will obey or conform.
S= how external influences affect our behaviour.
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4
Q

Morality (df)

A

What is deemed as right or wrong.

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5
Q

Self-esteem (df)

A

How we perceive ourselves.

- people with a low se more likely to conform, as they do not trust their own judgement (informational).

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6
Q

Kohlberg (post-conventional) (df) = moral development

A

stage 5- social contract or legalistic orientation (doing what is right even if it is against the law).
stage 6- universal ethics principle orientation (doing what is right as of your inner conscience which has absorbed the principle of justice and equality in life).

= high stages of moral development

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7
Q

Kohlberg (conventional) (df) = moral development

A

stage 3- interpersonal concordance orientation(doing what is right according to majority to be good/liked).
stage 4- law and order orientation (doing what is right as it’s your duty to help others).

= middle stage of moral development

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8
Q

Kohlberg (pre-conventional) (df) = moral development

A

stage 1- punishment and obedience orientation (doing what is right in fear of punishment).
stage 2- hedonistic orientation (doing what is right for personal gain/rewards).

= low stage of moral development so more likely to lead to anti-social behaviour

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9
Q

What stage is anti-social behaviour most common in? (df)

A

Stage 2 because morality is egocentric, meaning the focus of the individual is what’s right for them, not society.

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10
Q

Kohlberg’s Study (df)

A

Followed the same group of boys over 12yrs (American) to see if their moral thinking changed.

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11
Q

Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Study into Moral Reasoning (df)

A

Cannot be generalised to women/ girls and other cultures (gender/ culturally biased).

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12
Q

Locus of Control (df)

A

A spectrum on how much a person feels they have control over their own life, with reference to external and internal factors

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13
Q

External LOC (df)

A
  • believe they have little control over their lives (believe in fate/chance)
  • more likely to ‘give up’ (e.g during a protest abusive behavior breaks out, they are most likely to sit and watch as they believe their influence has little influence)
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14
Q

Internal LOC (df)

A

=believe they have control over their own lives (more likely to go along with something as they believe they can have an impact)

  • more likely to study hard for a test as they believe the amount of revision they do will reflect their score
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15
Q

Criticisms of LOC (df)

A

May not be a good explanation for crowd behaviour as people can have different LOC depending on the situation they are in. Therefore may make behaviour harder to predict and may not offer a useful explanation for how people behave in crowd situations.

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16
Q

Criticisms of DF

A

1) Dispositional explanations are reductionist as they do not take into account how we are influenced by those around us
2) Dispositional explanations lack generalisability as the research is biased to western cultures

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17
Q

The Brain - faulty moral reasoning (df)

A
  • damage to the prefrontal cortex leads to faulty moral reasoning.
  • people who damaged it in a car accident as a baby find it hard to decipher the difference between right and wrong (not their fault -suggests a fault in our justice system).
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18
Q

The Brain - self-esteem (df)

A
  • people with low se have a reduced amount of grey matter in their hippocampus.
  • therefore, may be a biological element to conformity.
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19
Q

Hippocampus

A

emotion and ability to control stress levels

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20
Q

What causes Authoritarian Personality (Adorno) (df)

A

-a strict and rigid upbringing of a father figure.
-unable to express negative feelings so displace them onto people they deem as weaker.
-causes prejudice towards lower status’ and obedience towards authority.
(DWIGHT)

21
Q

Criticisms of AP(df)

A

Does not account for those with AP but had a nice, kind upbringing/parents.
Not generalisable to everyone.

22
Q

Lebon’s Theory (sf)

+ Prentice-Dunn and Rogers

A

1896
When people are in a crowd, they lose their sense of self responsibility and morality. They become anonymous and lose their individuality (deindividuation).

In a crowd people also feel less accountable for their actions in general due to a sense of lacking public self-awareness

23
Q

Asch’s Study Conclusion (sf)

A

Conclusion: people conform for 2 reasons (informational/normative).

24
Q

Milgram’s Experiment (sf)

A

1963
Showed people will carry out unjust if ordered to by an authority figure, potentially due to the agentic state.
Results: 65% maximum volt, 100% 300v (15v-450v)
Criticisms: -ethically wrong (deceptive and no consent)
-lacked ecological validity(lab)
-culturally biased (all 40 participants were men)
-suggests people cannot be held accountable therefore a fault in our justice systems

25
Q

Criticisms of SF

A

Deindividuation:

  • deindividuation doesn’t always lead to violence.
  • reductionist - fails to account for individual differences.
  • suggests behaviours are determined, therefore negates the role of free will to make our own conscious decisions
  • milgram - suggests people cannot be held accountable for their actions (flaw in justice system).
26
Q

Collectivist (sf)

A

Emphasizes the needs and goals of a group as a whole over the needs and wished of an individual (China, Korea, Japan, India, Brazil).

27
Q

Individualistic (sf)

A

A society which is characterised by individualism -prioritising of an individual over the entire group (US, Germany, Ireland, Australia).

28
Q

Pro-social and Anti-social Coll and Indi (sf)

A 
Coll = pro as bought up to help others (chores)
Indi = anti as brought up to be competitive (do chores we get payed as we expect a reward)
29
Q

Deindividuation (sf)

A

When people are in a crowd and lose their individuality/sense of self and feel more anonymous, losing their responsibility and morality.
= Le Bon’s Theory

30
Q

Normative Conformity (sf)

A

When you wished to be liked by the majority group, so you go along with it (to fit in).

31
Q

Informational Conformity (sf)

A

Believing the majority group is right, so you change your answer.

32
Q

Conformity (sf)

A

Yielding to group pressure.

33
Q

Obedience (sf)

A

Where we follow the commands or orders of another person (usually of a higher status).

34
Q

Agentic State (sf)

A

When and individual does not feel responsible as they are acting under the orders from an authority figure.

35
Q

Majority Influence (sf)

A

A group of people display behaviours that are copied.

36
Q

Legitimate Authority (sf)

A

The degree to which individuals are seen as justified in having power over others (e.g uniform).

37
Q

Autonomous State (sf)

A

An individual see’s themselves as responsible.

38
Q

Bickman’s Study 1 (sf)

A

-confeds either a milkman. guard or civilian
-situations = dime, bus stop(lowest obedience rate) , litter
-conc = obedience rates were highest for the guard
-aim = to investigate the degree of social power the uniform has on people.
(153 adult pedestrians aged 18-61)
= new york , streets of brooklyn
= field experiment
= opportunity sampling

39
Q

Bickman’s Study 2 (sf)

A

-situation = dime
-added surveillance
-obedience highest for guard and surveillance had no effect
-no milkman
(48 adult pedestrians)

40
Q

Bickman’s Study 3a + b (sf)

A

3a:
-students asked to complete a questionnaire about the legitimacy of authority in situations (who they were most likely to listen to).
-141 college students
-29 scenarios
3b:
-189 different students asked to complete a questionnaire on how they would act in them situations from exp 1 and 2.
RESULTS:
-people did not perceive a difference, (would not listen to either guard or civilian), in contrast to study 1+2.

41
Q

Where was Bickman study

A

New York, streets of Brooklyn

42
Q

criticisms of Bickman

A

1)Low Generalisability
= pedestrians selected via opportunity sampling so no previous knowledge about them, might have been in a hurry
= culturally biased as it was only carried out in new york, brooklyn
2) Reliability
= Participants could not be controlled for - no idea of their background or obedience level (e.g role in job could have affected how obedient they were).
3) Validity
= Confederates were all male - could have affected validity of obedience rates due to gender and who ppl are more likely to listen to.
4) Ethics
= No informed consent was gained from participants, they had no right to withdrawl as they were unaware they were being studied (covert observation) (however high ecological validity)
5) Little control over extraneous variables = e.g the weather could have affected obedience levels such as rain, as participants may want to get out of the rain quickly and therefore do not obey

43
Q

identify the situation which had the lowest rates of obedience in exp 1 Bickman

A

moving to the other side if the bus stop

44
Q

authoritarian personality

A

a personality type that is very obedient to authority

45
Q

crowd and collective behaviour

A

crowd b-> a group of people who have come together for a common purpose
collective b ->the behaviour of two or more individuals who are acting together or collectively

46
Q

Pro social behaviour

A

actins that benefit society

47
Q

anti social behaviour

A

actions that harm society

48
Q

How does LOC -> external/internal affect out behaviour

A

external locus of control = believe that they have little control over their own lives. They may believe that people around them have more control over their life and so subsequently have no option but to obey them.
- usually passive (not abusive) and accepting of fate as they feel they cannot influence a change so little reason to be abusive

internal locus of control = believe they have full control over their own lives.
- more likely to resort to abusive behavior as they believe they can influence change

Psychology gcse (7 decks)

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