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Psychology gcse > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Predicts no pattern or trend in results.

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2
Q

Alternative Hypothesis

A

Predicts a difference or correlation in results.

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3
Q

Independent Variable

A

Change

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4
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Measure

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5
Q

Control Variable

A

Keep

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6
Q

Experimental Designs?

A

How participants are allocated in experimental conditions.
-repeated measures
-independent measures

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7
Q

Repeated Measures

A

Testing all participants under both conditions.

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8
Q

Independent Measures

A

The participants in one condition are independent (different) from participants in the other.

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9
Q

Criticism of Repeated Measures

A

-May perform better on second condition due to practice effect.
-May perform worse on second condition due to fatigue and boredom.
-Cause demand characteristics.
-Task may need to be changed between conditions making it an extraneous variable.

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10
Q

Criticism of Independent Measures

A

-Differences in conditions may be due to individual differences
-Potentially more participants will be needed due to them not being able to be used more than once per condition.

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11
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Participants changing their behaviour or answers to purposefully hinder or aid an experiment.

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12
Q

Social Desirability

A

Participants changing their answers because they wished to be liked by the experimenter/person marking a questionnaire.

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13
Q

Samples

A

Random Sample - a sample selected at chance.
Opportunity Sampling - a sample selected by convenience.
Self-selected Sample - a sample selected through volunteers.

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14
Q

Experiment Types

A

lab —> lack ecological validity
field (experimenter directly manipulates IV) (natural environment)
natural (IV is NOT directly manipulated e.g piaget )

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15
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

Any variable that you’re not investigating that affects the dependent variable.

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16
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Numerical data

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17
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Descriptive data normally in the form of words, video images or pictures.

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18
Q

Internal Reliability

A

where a measure is consistent within itself (extraneous variables can affect this)

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19
Q

External Reliability

A

where a measure is consistent beyond itself, on another occasion

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20
Q

Observer Effect

A

Subjects altering their behaviour when they aware that an observer is present.

21
Q

Construct Validity

A

Ability of a measurement tool to actually measure the psychological concept being studied.

22
Q

Co-variables

A

Something that changes in relation to another variable

23
Q

Overt Observation

A

Researcher is open with participants about observing their behaviour.
(participants know they are being studied)

24
Q

Covert Observation

A

Participants are unaware of the presence of the researcher and are NOT aware that they’re behaviour is being studied.

25
Q

Participant Observation

A

Researcher observes the people while participating in their activities (Bickman, Milgram)

26
Q

Non Participant Observation

A

Researcher observes people without participating in their activities (Heaven)

27
Q

Primary and Secondary Data

A

Primary = First-hand info collected by researcher for study

Secondary = Pre-existing data (e.g newspaper, diary entry, or even info from another data)

28
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

The researcher influences the results in order to portray a certain outcome.

29
Q

Observer Bias

A

Occurs when observers biases inclinations determine which behaviours they choose to observe.

30
Q

Gender Bias

A

The emphasis of the study is more inclined to one gender

31
Q

6 ethical issues in psychology

A
  • withdrawal
  • debrief
  • informed consent
  • protection of participants
  • deception
  • confidentiality
32
Q

reliability

A

the overall consistency of an idea or method (how replicable it is)

33
Q

validity

A

the ability of a test to measure what is is suppose to measure/ how true or accurate something is

34
Q

types of external validity

A

ecological validity
population validity

35
Q

type of internal validity

A

construct validity

36
Q

questioning bias

A

to phrase a question to favour one view over others (“dont you need more sleep”)

37
Q

Correlational Study

A

An analysis of the relationship between two variables.
Northing is manipulated, two co-variables are simply measured to look for an association.
(e.g blackwell)

38
Q

evaluate qualitative data

A

= descriptive data

pros:
- in depth/detailed therefore more information about a single case high validity
- can lead to possible investigations of cause and effect and relationships

cons:
-time consuming
-expensive
-less generalisable
-no statistical tests or info (sometimes easier to understand with numbers than pages of writing)
-samples do not have a large data set affecting reliability of data as it can be subjective in its nature

39
Q

evaluate quantitative data

A

= numerical data

pros:
- scientifically objective , easily replicated as the data obtained does not need a lot of interpretation of results so more reliable (easier to identify patterns and trends)
-can you it to reject or accept the null hypothesis

cons:
-require very large samples to get useful data
- poor knowledge of stats can lead to misinterpretation of data
-less in depth
- LOW CONSTRUCT VALIDITY = simplifies the complexity

40
Q

Self report + criticisms

A

methods of gathering data where participants provide information about themselves without interference from the experimenter.
pros:
-For research, it is inexpensive and can reach many more test subjects than could be analyzed by observation or other methods. It can be performed relatively quickly, so a researcher can obtain results in days or weeks rather than observing a population over the course of a longer time frame. Self-reports can be made in private and can be anonymized to protect sensitive information and perhaps promote truthful responses.

cons:
-Honesty: Subjects may make the more socially acceptable answer rather than being truthful.
(social desirability)

Introspective ability: The subjects may not be able to assess themselves accurately.

-Rating scales: Rating something yes or no can be too restrictive, but numerical scales also can be inexact and subject to individual inclination to give an extreme or middle response to all questions.

-Response bias: Questions are subject to all of the biases of what the previous responses were, whether they relate to recent or significant experience and other factors.

-Sampling bias: The people who complete the questionnaire are the sort of people who will complete a questionnaire. Are they representative of the population you wish to study?

41
Q

unstructured interview

A

An unstructured interview is the most flexible type of interview, with room for spontaneity. In contrast to a structured interview, the questions and the order in which they are presented are not set.

42
Q

standardised

A

when every participant has the same interview (same questions)

43
Q

structured interview

A

the interviewer has a set of prepared closed-ended questions in the form of an interview schedule, which he/she reads out exactly as worded. Interviews schedules have a standardized format which means the same questions are asked to each interviewee in the same order

44
Q

strength/weakness of correlations

A
  • high ecological validity as nothing is set up or manipulated
  • cannot establish cause and effect as they only measure the relationship between two variables
45
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to and across other situations, people, stimuli, and times.
(bickman high external validity)

46
Q

strengths/weaknesses of primary/secondary data

A

strengths of primary data:
-reliable data (trust it) as it has been collected by themselves

weaknesses of primary data:
- expensive and time consuming

strengths of secondary data:
-saves time and money as data is already pre-existing
-psychologist may have access to data they would not have been able to collect otherwise

weaknesses of secondary data:
-untrustworthy

47
Q

Where is the IV placed on a graph

A

IV = ALWAYS the X axis (horizontal)

48
Q

inter- rater reliability

A

where two or more researchers agree on a set of results

Psychology gcse (7 decks)

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