social influence names Flashcards
Asch 1951
36.8% out of 123 on 12 critical trials conformed
75% at least once
Reduced to 5.5% when unanimous position was broken
Perrin and Spencer
Against Asch - only 1/396 trials, engineering students
Lucas et al
Support - easy, hard maths problems, conformed more on hard
Deutsch and Gerard 1955
ISI and NSI
Haney, Banks and Zimbardo 1973
Stanford Prison Experiment to investigate siutational factors
Banuazizi and Mohavedi
Contradictory - ‘play acting’, Cool Hand Luke
Reicher and Haslan 2006
Replication of SPE broadcast on BBC TV
Opposite: prisoners disobedient and took control of the guards who struggled to take control
Milgram 1963
100% reached 300V (‘intense shock’)
65% reached 450V (‘danger - severe shock)
10% when joined by a confederate (social support)
Gina Perry 2013
Looked at all the tape recordings
Many had doubts about the truth
70% believed it was true so less demand characteristics
Sheridan and King
Replaced human confederate with puppy
Support: 77% obeyed, reduced demand characteristic
Bickaman
obedience in a natural setting: uniform
89% in police uniform
57% in milkman
35% in plain clothes
Hoffling et al
Obedience in a natural setting: legitimate authority
95% (21 out of 22) complied with Dr Smith and began administration of medication
Rank and Jacobson
Not replicated results as Hofling, very low obedience rates. However, not exactly the same variables, for example, they were with others
Adorno et al 1950
Early childhood experiences led to a psychological personality disorder (due to repressed feelings), Authoritarian personality
Those who scored high on the F scale identified with ‘strong’ people and were contemptuous of the ‘weak’ - strong positive correlation between authoritarian personality and prejudice
Milgram and Elms
Support: 20 original Ps scored significantly higher on the F-scale scores
However, many were different on closer inspection
Christie and Jahoda
Against: F-scale only measures extreme right-wing ideology: political bias
Greenstein
‘a comedy of methodological errors’
- Acquiescence bias
- Social desirability bias
Interviewer bias
Allen and Levine 1971
Independence increased with one supporter in an Asch-type study, even if they wore thick glasses and said they had problems with their vision
64% resisted when had good eyesight
36% resisted when had bad eyesight
Gamson et al
Ps had to produce evidence to help an oil company. They were in groups - social support
88% rebelled
Albrecht et al
Teen Fresh Start USA
Those with a buddy in the programme were significantly less likely to smoke than those without - practical applications
Rotter 1966
Locus of control
Those with more internal LOC more likely to resist pressure
However also has little influence in familiar situations because turn to experience instead: limited range of situations
Holland
Repeated Milgram’s study and measured whether Ps were internals or externals
Support - 15% more externals continued than internals to the highest shock levels
Twenge et al
Meta-analysis of American obedience studies over a 40 year period
Against - People have become more resistant to obedience but also more external
Moscovici
blue-green slides
Consistent minority had a greater effect on Ps than the inconsistent minority
