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AQA A level Psychology > Social Influence Key Studies > Flashcards

Social Influence Key Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of experiment was Milgram’s study?

A

A lab experiment

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2
Q

In Hofling et al’s study, how many nurses obeyed an unknown doctor?

A

21/22

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3
Q

What type of study was Bickman’s study?

A

A field study

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4
Q

Why might investigator effects have been an issue in Zimbardo’s experiment?

A

Zimbardo was keen to find evidence to support his assumptions

His shocking results propelled his career, making him famous

He took an active part in the experiment. Therefore investigator effects were likely

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5
Q

I’m Bickman’s study, what percentage of people obeyed the milkman uniform?

A

14%

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6
Q

How were the reactions of the ‘student’ controlled on Milgram’s study?

A

They were a tape recording, played at different shock levels

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7
Q

What were the three levels of flexibility the confederate showed in Nemeth’s study?

A

Flexible

A little flexible

Dogmatic (not flexible)

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8
Q

Name all the ethical guidelines Zimbardo Broke

A 
Physical harm
Psychological harm
Completely informed consent
Right to withdraw
Deception
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9
Q

What type of sampling was used in Milgram’s experiment?

A

Volunteer sampling

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10
Q

Which study used fake electric shocks to study obedience?

A

Mil gram (1961)

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11
Q

What were the results of Moscovicis study?

A

Condition 1 (consistent) - 8.42% participants answered green every time

Condition 2 (inconsistent) - 1.25% participants answered green every time

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12
Q

Which variation of Milgram’s study supports the agentic shift?

A

The variation where orders were given down the phone.

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13
Q

The influence of which characteristic of a minority was tested in Nemeth’s ski lift study?

A

Flexibility

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14
Q

When was Zimbardo’s prison experiment?

A

1971

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15
Q

What questionnaire looks at the level of authoritarian personality?

A

The F-Scale

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16
Q

What were the four steps of predictions in Jenness’ 1932 study?

A
  • Participants predict the number of sweets in the jar privately
  • participants meet and discuss as a group
  • participants make a group prediction
  • participants make a second private prediction
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17
Q

In Bickman’s study, what percentage of people obeyed the man in civilian clothes?

A

19%

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18
Q

In the Unanimity variation of Asch’s study, how many confederates gave the incorrect answer?

A

5.

1 confederate gave the correct answer

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19
Q

What was the obedience rate when Milgram’s experiment was performed in Bridgeport (location variation)

A

47.5%

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20
Q

How many people never conformed in Asch’s line study?

A

25%

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21
Q

What was the rate of conformity in the unanimity variation of Asch’s study?

A

6%

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22
Q

What was an ethical issue with Asch’s line study? (Beginning with D)

A

Deception. Participants didn’t know other participants were confederates.

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23
Q

What are the two generic explanations of obedience used to explain Milgram’s results?

A

The agentic shift

Legitimacy of authority

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24
Q

What evidence from Asch’s study supports the normative social influence explanation of conformity?

A

The post-experiment interviews. Participants said they knew their answers were wrong but wished to avoid ridicule.

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25
Q

What change was seen in the participants second private answer in Jenness’ study?

A

The second private answers converged to the group norm

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26
Q

What were the results of shute’s study?

A

Those who were tested to have an internal locus of control were more likely to not conform to the groups’ attitude about drugs.

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27
Q

Which variation of Milgram’s study supports the legitimacy of authority explanation of obedience?

A

The location variation, where the experiment was carried out in a poor area of Bridgeport rather than Yale.

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28
Q

In Milgram’s study, What was the obedience rate when the ‘student’ was in close proximity to the participant

A

30% to 450v

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29
Q

What was an ethical issue with Zimbardo’s experiment? (Begins with i)

A

The participants were given an incentive ($15 a day)

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30
Q

Who studied obedience in nurses?

A

Hofling et al (1966)

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31
Q

What real life situation could Milgram’s study explain?

A

German soldiers carrying out atrocious acts against Jews in WW2

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32
Q

Which study looked at locus of control and resisting obedience?

A

Schurz (1985)

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33
Q

What was the first condition of moscovicis study?

A

The confederates always answered green, being a consistent minority

34
Q

Which study looked at the impact of locus of control on resisting obedience?

A

Schurz (1985)

35
Q

Who studied the effect of uniform on obedience?

A

Bickman (1974)

36
Q

What situation variables were tested by Milgram’s study variations?

A

Proximity

Location

37
Q

What variations on the Line study did Asch’s perform?

A

Variations in group size
Variations in unanimity
Variations in task difficulty

38
Q

Which study looked at the impact of Locus of Control on resisting conformity?

A

Shute (1975)

39
Q

In Milgram’s variation, where orders were given down the phone rather than in person, what was the obedience rate?

A

20%

40
Q

What was the second condition of moscovicis study?

A

The confederates answered 2/3 of their answers as green, being an inconsistent minority.

41
Q

In the group size variation of Asch’s study (with only one actor), what was the conformity rate?

A

3%

42
Q

What did moscovicis study use instead of lines?

A

Slides with different shades of blue on them

43
Q

What conformity rate was found in Asch’s line experiment?

A

32% conformity rate

44
Q

Which study replicated Milgram’s study, but pretending to use painful, skin damaging burst of ultrasound instead of electric shocks?

A

Schurz (1985)

45
Q

Which study looked at levels of obedience in nurses?

A

Hofling et al (1966)

46
Q

How many participants and confederates were there in moscovicis study?

A

4 participants and 2 confederates

47
Q

Which study looked at the effect of minority influence?

A

Moscovici (1969)

48
Q

What experimental method did Jenness use?

A

Repeated measures

49
Q

What was the obedience rate in the location variation of Milgram’s study?

A

47%

50
Q

What was the conclusion of Zimbardo’s experiment?

A

People conform to the social roles assigned to them

51
Q

What problems were there with Zimbardo’s sample size?

A

All participants were male
All participants were students at Stanford
All participants were shortlisted by Zimbardo
There were only 24 participants

52
Q

Which explanation of obedience is supported by the fact that people with an internal LOC are less likely to obey

A

The Agentic Shift

53
Q

What type of sampling did Bickman’s study use?

A

Opportunity sample

54
Q

How many participants in Asch’s study answered incorrect,y in every single critical trial?

A

5%

55
Q

Who invented the F-scale questionnaire?

A

Adorno et al

56
Q

What type of social influence were participants showing in Asch’s study?

A

Normative social influence

57
Q

Which variation of Milgram’s study (done in 1974) showed the impact of social support on obedience?

A

Social support variation.

Two actors next to the participant refused to continue the experiment, declaring they would go no further.

58
Q

What case study shows how obedience of authority can lead to malpractice in health care

A

Wayne Jowett (2001)

59
Q

In the social support variation of Milgram’s study (1974) what was the conformity rate?

A

10%

60
Q

What experimental design was Asch’s 1951 study?

A

Independent groups

61
Q

I’m Bickman’s 1974 study. What percentage of people obeyed the man in the security guard outfit?

A

38%

62
Q

What experimental type was used in Asch’s 1951 study?

A

Lab experiment

63
Q

Which ethical guidelines did Milgram’s study break?

A 
Incentive
Psychological harm
Right to withdraw
Informed consent
Deception
Debrief
64
Q

What happens to conformity when the Asch line task gets harder?

A

Conformity increases

65
Q

When was Jenness’ study?

A

1932

66
Q

What was an ethical issue with Zimbardo’s experiment? (Begins with D)

A

Deception, although the participants were warned of most of the experiment, the ‘prisoners’ we’re not warned they would be arrested at home.

67
Q

What real life situation could Zimbardo’s experiment explain?

A

Situations where seemingly good people do bad things, for example American troops mistreating Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib

68
Q

What was the conclusion of moscovicis study?

A

A consistent minority has more of an influence on the majority than an inconsistent minority

69
Q

What did participants have to do in Asch’s experiment?

A

They had to choose the line that was equal length to the example line.

70
Q

In the group size variation of Asch’s study, how many actors were there? (Instead of the usual number of 6)

A

1 actor

71
Q

Which two studies looked at loc, conformity and obedience?

A

Shute(1975) and Schurz(1985)

72
Q

Which study used a jar of sweets to study informational social influence

A

Jenness (1932)

73
Q

How many participants went to the whole 450v shock in Milgram’s study?

A

68%

74
Q

Which study looked at levels of conformity using different sized lines?

A

Asch (1951)

75
Q

What were participants asked to do in Moscovicis (1969) study?

A

They were asked to define whether a shade of blue was blue or green (it was clearly not green)

76
Q

What sort of data was collected in Asch’s study?

A

Quantitative Data

77
Q

Why could you not easily repeat Milgram’s study now?

A

The study broke many ethical guidelines, so would not be allowed now.

78
Q

What were the results of Nemeth’s study?

A

The more flexible the minority, the more influence they had over the sum of compensation

79
Q

How many participants in Milgram’s experiment went to a 300v shock?

A

100% of participants

80
Q

Which study used compensation for ski lift accidents?

A

Nemeth(1986)

81
Q

Which study looked at the effect of the authoritarian personality on obedience?

A

Milgram’s and Elms (1966)

AQA A level Psychology (10 decks)

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