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A level Psychology > SOCIAL INFLUENCE: Evaluation > Flashcards

SOCIAL INFLUENCE: Evaluation Flashcards

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1
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

1) Can’t know where compliance/internalisation takes place

A

Individual may change their view in private because of new or forgotten information
Shows difficulty in determining compliance or internalisation

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2
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

2) Research has supported role in normative beliefs in shaping behaviours

A

‘Most people don’t smoke’, less took up smoking

supports idea people change behaviour to fit in, power of NSI

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3
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

3) Studies show how others beliefs can shape your own

A

Expose negative info about African Americans, more negative attitudes reported
Shows the importance of ISI in shaping behaviour

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4
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

4) Individual may not see the behaviour of others affecting their own

A

Behaviour of neighbours had the biggest effect on individuals change in behaviour surrounding energy conservation

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5
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

5) Not always a clear criteria for validation for the informational explanation of conformity

A

Can’t decide if Bristol is the most fun city becuase that can’t be made using an objective criteria
Majorities should exert a greater influence on social rather than physical issues

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6
Q

ASCH

1) Findings were a ‘child of their time’

A

McCarthyism

If study repeated now, the results would be very different

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7
Q

ASCH

Research lacked ecological validity and mundane realism

A

results less applicable to real life

people questioned the validity

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8
Q

ASCH

Study was ethically questionable

A

involved deceiving participants

justified as lack of informed consent needed and proper debrief was followed

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9
Q

ASCH

2) Bond suggests conformity studies have a limited range of majority sizes

A

no groups were bigger than 9

means we know little about the effect of bigger majority groups

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10
Q

ASCH

3) In the study only 1/3 of trials where majority gave wrong answer produced conforming response

A

means 2/3 stuck to their original judgement

not an overly conformist representation of humans

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11
Q

SPE

3) Study was unethical even though it followed guidelines

A

admits it should have been stopped much earlier

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12
Q

SPE

5) People quickly descend into tyrannical behaviour

A

because they unthinkingly conform to roles

BBC study says the conformed to their own norms and values

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13
Q

SPE

4) Explains events in Abu Ghraib

A

suggested guards acted this way due to situational factors

led to tyrannical behaviour in both cases

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14
Q

SPE

1) BBC study challenged idea that guards behaviour was due to role of SPE

A

argued that the guards behaviour varied

therefore they chose their behaviour and actions

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15
Q

SPE

2) Behaviour due to demand characteristics

A

students guessed the aim of the study correctly

behaviour not due to situational factors

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16
Q

MILGRAM

1) Participants distrusted experimenters

A

most didn’t believe the shocks were real

shows study lacks internal validity

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17
Q

MILGRAM

2) Questioned if the same thing would happen today

A

found no relationship between year and obedience levels when looking at correlational analysis
study would still hold the same amount of validity today

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18
Q

MILGRAM

3) Mandel aruged conclusions aren’t based on reality

A

police ordered to kill village of Jews and nearly all agreed to
therefore using obedience as an explanation for real life events masks the real reasons for behaviour

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19
Q

MILGRAM

4) Participants knew they were a part of a study as they were in a university

A

increases the obedience as it’s a prestigious place, but might not in a different location
need to be careful generalising results

20
Q

MILGRAM

5) Authoritative figure in uniform may increase validity

A

in one study children chose a civillian wearing a police uniform as the most suitable to make an arrest
suggests children base authority on uniform and appearence

21
Q

AGENTIC STATE/LEGITIMACY OF AUTHORITY

1) The shift doesn’t explain behaviour of German doctors in Auschwitz

A

doctors stopped caring and carried out lethal experiments on patients
concluded carrying out many evil acts changes behaviour

22
Q

AGENTIC STATE/LEGITIMACY OF AUTHORITY

2) Other ways too explain the results other than the agentic shift

A

anxiety in participants can explain cruelty in SPE

suggests obedience explained by agentic shift or obedient behaviour

23
Q

AGENTIC STATE/LEGITIMACY OF AUTHORITY

3) Legitimate authority used to justify inflicting pain on others

A

more willing to take part in immoral actions

therefore more obedient to legitimate authority

24
Q

AGENTIC STATE/LEGITIMACY OF AUTHORITY

4) Agentic shift is more likely if individual has less personal control

A

leads to increase in obedience to legitimate authority, bystander apathy and increased compliance
process of agentic shift could extend to other forms of social influence

25
Q

AGENTIC STATE/LEGITIMACY OF AUTHORITY

5) Tarnow supported power of legitimate authority

A

they found crews actions were contributing factors to airplane crashed
in Milgram’s study they relied on the experimenter

26
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

1) Participants doubted if shocks were real

A

2 psychologyis repeated the study but told them shocks were’t real, all participants acted as though they were
they displayed high RWA and supported link between authoritarianism and obedience

27
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

2) Agreed that there are dispositional reasons for obedience

A

Variations the main cuase of difference in levels and specific social situations cause participants to obey or resist
therefore explanations of obedience based on authoritarianism lack flexibility to account for variation

28
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

3) Elms and Milgram showed difference in characteristics of obedience and authoritarian personality

A

obedient participants reported a good relationship with parents
unlikely all obedient participants grew up in a harsh family environment

29
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

4)Less-educated people are more likely to have authoritarian personality

A

Milgram found similar results in his study
therefore lack of education responsible and any causal relationship between authoritarianism and obedience likely to be an illusion

30
Q

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY

5) Those on the right of the political spectrum are more likely to obey authority

A

On a mock gameshow, participants on left of spectrum gave lower intensity shocks
suggests situational context doesn’t exclude individual differences as influencing obedience

31
Q

SOCIAL SUPPORT

1) Studied the effectiveness of response from social support

A

more effective when real participant answered last

suggests when an answer agrees with theirs it reinforces judgement

32
Q

SOCIAL SUPPORT

2) Helps resist conformity if social support are friends

A

drink less if one friend in a group also doesn’t drink

shows that social support from friends decreases conformity

33
Q

SOCIAL SUPPORT

3) Rosentrasse protest illustrates Milgram’s study

A

the women were threatened with open fire, but Jews were eventually set free
backs Milgram’s theory that disobedient peers give courage to resist orders

34
Q

LOCUS OF CONTROL

1) Spector measured control and predisposition to ISI/NSI in students

A

found a correlation between locus of control and predisposition to NIS, not ISI
concluded that external individuals conform more to NSI situations

35
Q

LOCUS OF CONTROL

2) Trend between locus of control and external young people

A

more young Americans believed their fate was due to luck and powerful people
suggested it was due to alienateion experienced by young people

36
Q

LOCUS OF CONTROL

3)A meta-analysis study looked at relationship between locus of control and social influence

A

showed a positive correlation

suggests external individuals are more easily persuaded and more conforming

37
Q

MINORITY INFLUENCE

1) Nemeth and Brilayer supported this using a fake jury system

A

no effect if jury presented with alternate POV, big effect if confederate compromised
suggests flexibility sometimes good for changing majorities opinion

38
Q

MINORITY INFLUENCE

2) Dissent in form of minority opinion opens the mind

A

encourages person to search for more information and therefore they will make better decisions
supported by other psychologists who saw improved decision quality

39
Q

MINORITY INFLUENCE

3) Majority create greater message processing

A

if majority have different views we are forced to consider why
but we often don’t waste time on the minority

40
Q

MINORITY INFLUENCE

4) ‘Tipping point’ where minority hold majority opinion

A

on chat rooms if the listener heard a new opinion they considered it then moved on, if new opinion the same as last they adopted it and shifted
10% holding minority opinion needed to tip

41
Q

MINORITY INFLUENCE

5) It’s difficult to convince people of the value of dissent

A

they quickly accepts it but then become irritated by the
persistent views
therefore if minority view persists then innovative thinking associated with minority influence is lost

42
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENCE PROCESSES IN SOCIAL CHANGE

1) Takes a long time to bring about social change

A

more likely to conform to majority as its easier

therefore minority are more latent than direct

43
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENCE PROCESSES IN SOCIAL CHANGE

2) It’s hard to influence majority without being seen as ‘deviant’

A

majority tend to focus on source of message

added challenge for the minority

44
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENCE PROCESSES IN SOCIAL CHANGE

3) Limitations to social norms intervention

A

social norms didn’t reduce alcohol intake during one study

not all social norms interventions produce socal change

45
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENCE PROCESSES IN SOCIAL CHANGE

4) Social norms interventions can also help people with desirable behaviours

A

normative messages can increase aspects of behaviour, this is known as boomerang effect
e.g. found that it decreased some electricity used and increased it in some cases

46
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENCE PROCESSES IN SOCIAL CHANGE

5) Minorities need to avoid being seen as ‘deviant’

A

early communists avoided this by making it clear they were part of the majority
this created the impression that they had potential to overthrow majority and create social change

A level Psychology (12 decks)

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