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A Level Psychology > Social Influence Booklet 3 > Flashcards

Social Influence Booklet 3 Flashcards

1
Q

define resistance to social influence

A

-refers to the ability of people to withstand the social pressure to conform to the majority or to obey authority
-this ability to withstand social pressure is influenced by both situational and dispositional factors

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2
Q

define social support

A

-the presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same
-these people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible

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3
Q

define locus of control

A

-the sense we each have about what directs events in our lives
-internals believe they are mostly responsible for what happens to them
-externals believe it is a matter of luck or other outside forces

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4
Q

describe social support

A

-helps resist obedience and conformity
-perceive a shared punishment or consequences as others don’t conform/obey
-not long lasting

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5
Q

evidence for social support helping resist conformity

A

-aschs only variation
-non conforming role model not following the majority
-naive participant had the confidence to resist the pressure
-social norms broken
-participant had independent behaviour
-as the role model starts to conform to the majority so does the participant

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6
Q

evidence for social support helping resist obedience

A

-milgrams variation of disobedient confederate
-brought another teacher
-gave advice to disobey giving shocks
-acts as a model for the participant to free them to act from their own conscience
-had confidence to resist pressure
-obedience decreased to 10%

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7
Q

who proposed locus of control

A

rotter

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8
Q

describe locus of control

A

-refers to personality
-continuum from high internal to high external
-measured by questionnaire
-choose out of two statements to agree
-statements related to points

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9
Q

features of an internal locus of control

A

-solely responsible
-total accountability for successes, failures, events
-independent behaviour

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10
Q

features of an external locus of control

A

-doesn’t take personal responsibility
-blames anything else eg luck and fate
-obey and conform

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11
Q

A03 points for social support

A

-strength= allen and levines research using an asch type study
-strength= gamson et als recreation of milgrams experiment

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12
Q

A03 points for LOC

A

-strength= holland repeating milgrams baseline study
-weakness= twenge et al
-weakness= rotter
-weakness= measured by questionnaire

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13
Q

evidence for conformity decreasing supporting social support

A

-allen and levine investigated effects on conformity with one dissenter in an asch type study
-found that conformity decreased
-especially when dissenter wore thick glasses and said he had vision difficulty

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14
Q

evidence for obedience decreasing supporting social support

A

-gamson et al recreated milgrams study in groups
-higher levels of resistance
-had to produce evidence used to help an oil company run a smear campaign

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15
Q

evidence for high internal loc increasing independent behaviour supporting loc

A

-holland repeated milgrams baseline study
-measured participants loc
-37% of internals did not continue
-23% of externals did not continue
-so obedience decreases in internal LOC

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16
Q

evidence for resistance to obedience and loc being unrelated which opposes loc

A

-twenge et al analysed data from american loc studies over 40 years
-people more resistant to obedience but more external
-resistance not linked to internal loc
-so independent behaviour could be due to a changing society

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17
Q

evidence for loc being irrelevant in daily situations which opposes loc

A

-rotter states loc only happens in novel situations
-it has little influence over our behaviour in familiar situations
-likely to repeat behaviour from past situations even when high internal

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18
Q

evidence for flawed methodology opposing loc

A

-questionnaire
-fixed response with all parts completed
-time consuming and boring
-answers affected by social desirability as some could give false answers to fit the research
-invalid responses

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19
Q

define minority influence

A

-a form of social influence in which a minority of people (sometimes just one person) persuades others to adopt their beliefs, attitudes or behaviours
-this leads to internalisation or conversion as private attitudes are changed as well as public

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20
Q

define consistency

A

-keeping the same beliefs

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21
Q

explain consistency

A

-increases the amount of interest from others
-can be agreement between people in the minority group (synchronic consistency) or consistency over time (diachronic consistency)
-makes people start to rethink their own views

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22
Q

define commitment

A

-demonstrating dedication to a position

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23
Q

explain commitment

A

-engaging in extreme activities to draw attention to their views
-at some risk to the minority to demonstrate commitment
-majority group members pay more attention (augmentation principle)

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24
Q

define flexibility

A

-accepting the possibility of compromise

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25
Q

explain flexibility

A

-consistency can be interpreted negatively due to rigidity
-members of minority prepared to adapt views and accept reasonable counter arguments
-balance needed between consistency and flexibility

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26
Q

which is the most important behaviour for successful minority influence

A

consistency

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27
Q

aim of moscovicis study

A

-investigate the process of minority influence by looking at how consistency can be used to affect opinions of a larger group

28
Q

procedure of moscovicis study

A

-all female group of participants
-given eye test to check weren’t colour blind
-placed in a group of 4 participants and 2 confederates
-shown 36 slides of different blue shades
-asked to state colour out loud
-randomly allocated to one of two groups
1- confederates were consistent and answered green for all slides
2- confederates were inconsistent and answered green 24 times and blue 12 times

29
Q

findings of moscovicis study

A

-8.42% of trials in consistent group resulted in agreeing with minority
-32% participants agreed at least once
-1.25% inconsistent group trials resulted in agreeing

30
Q

conclusion of moscovicis study

A

-minorities can change the opinion of the majority if they are consistent

31
Q

describe conversion

A

-after hearing something new
-people are made to think about the topic
-over time switch from the majority position to minority position

32
Q

describe the snowball effect

A

-the more people switch from majority to minority
-the faster the rate of conversion
-minority view becomes majority view

33
Q

describe social crypto amnesia

A

-people have a memory that change has occurred but don’t remember how it happened

34
Q

A03 points for minority influence

A

-sample
-unethical
-lab experiment
-real life examples

35
Q

evidence for sample limiting minority influence

A

-female participants
-lacks population validity
-results difficult to generalise
-beta bias

36
Q

counter for sample limiting minority influence

A

-participants had to be same gender and had an eye test so the research was standardised
-no researcher bias as participants randomly allocated

37
Q

evidence for research being unethical which opposes minority influence

A

-participants deceived as unaware 2 of the the participants were confederates
-could not give informed consent
-results have less value

38
Q

counter for unethical research into minority influence

A

-would have debriefed participants
-had the right to withdraw
-deception needed to avoid demand characteristics

39
Q

evidence for lab experiment supporting minority influence

A

-replicable
-extraneous variables controlled
-standardised
-results are reliable as cause and effect established

40
Q

counter for lab experiment supporting minority influence

A

-involves an artificial environment
-lacks ecological validity
-artificial task
-lacks mundane realism

41
Q

define social change

A

-when a society adopts a new belief or way of believing that then becomes widely accepted as the norm

42
Q

how is social change initiated

A

-minority influence
-examples of snowball effect occurring

43
Q

how many processes are needed for a social change to become the norm

A

6

44
Q

which 6 processes are needed for social change to become the norm

A

-attention
-conflict
-consistency
-augmentation
-snowball effect
-social crypto amnesia

45
Q

explain attention leading to social change

A

-drawing attention from the majority which can create a conflict as the majority and minority have different views

46
Q

real life example of attention leading to social change

A

-colin kaepernick started to protest by taking a knee during the national anthem at games

47
Q

explain conflict leading to social change

A

-minority creating a conflict between what majority group members currently believe, and the position advocated by the minority
-causes the majority to think more deeply

48
Q

real life example of conflict leading to social change

A

-CK led people to be in conflict about whether his actions were acceptable
-trump threatened to fire kneeling players

49
Q

explain consistency leading to social change

A

-minorities are more influential when they express their arguments consistently

50
Q

real life example of consistency leading to social change

A

-CKs protest lasted for a few years and during many games

51
Q

explain augmentation leading to social change

A

-minority is committed to their views as they are willing to suffer
-their views are taken more seriously and are considered

52
Q

real life example of augmentation leading to social change

A

-CK lost his career and received death threats by taking the knee

53
Q

explain snowball effect leading to social change

A

-minority influence initially has a small effect but this spreads more widely when more and more people consider the issues promoted

54
Q

real life example of snowball effect leading to social change

A

-CKs actions led to worldwide BLM protests

55
Q

explain social cryptoamnesia leading to social change

A

-people have an awareness that a social change has occurred but don’t remember how it happened

56
Q

real life examples of social crypto amnesia leading to social change

A

-CKs actions have not yet led to social change as protests are ongoing
-suffragette movement and recycling are social changes

57
Q

evidence of minority influence in the suffragette movement

A

-started with a small group of women
-led to snowball effect and social cryptoamnesia as the vote for women was achieved

58
Q

evidence of consistency in the suffragette movement

A

-campaign lasted over 20 years

59
Q

evidence of commitment in the suffragette movement

A

-causing injury just for the cause

60
Q

evidence of flexibility in the suffragette movement

A

-put campaign on hold for national unity

61
Q

evidence of minority influence in rosa parks

A

-began with one person
-led to snowball effect and social cryptoamnesia as now black rights are respected

62
Q

evidence of consistency in rosa parks

A

-boycott lasted a long time

63
Q

evidence for commitment in rosa parks

A

-rosa parks got arrested

64
Q

AO3 - real life examples of social change

A

-colin kaepernick demonstrated all 6 processes of social change by taking the knee at a football game
-shows relevance in real life

65
Q

AO3- social change showed by moscovicis research

A

-investigated impacts of consistency using an inconsistent and a consistent condition
-more participants answered the same as the confederates in the consistent condition
-increases validity of the 6 processes as an explanation

66
Q

AO3- limitation of social changes

A

-occur slowly and effects are fragile
-charles nemeth argues the effects of minority influence are indirect and delayed
-the majority is influenced on matters only related to the issue at hand, not the central issue
-only indirectly effective

A Level Psychology (9 decks)

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