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A Level Psychology > Social Influence Booklet 2 > Flashcards

Social Influence Booklet 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

define obedience

A

the change of an individuals behaviour to comply with a demand by a authority figure

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2
Q

what is a dispositional explanation of obedience

A

the cause of behaviour results from the persons own personality or characteristics

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3
Q

what was the rationale behind milgrams study

A

to test the ‘germans are different’ hypothesis

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4
Q

describe the germans are different hypothesis

A

-germans have a certain character deficit
-readiness to obey people in authority regardless of the act
-due to nazis high obedience rates

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5
Q

aim of milgrams study

A

investigate whether participants would obey an order from an authority figure regardless of the potential consequences

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6
Q

how much were participants offered to take part in milgrams study

A

4 dollars for one hour

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7
Q

what is a situational explanation of obedience

A

the behaviour would result from the situation a person was in

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8
Q

how many participants were in milgrams study

A

40

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9
Q

where did milgrams study take place

A

yale university

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10
Q

what did the pair in milgrams study consist of

A

a teacher and a learner

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11
Q

describe the procedure for milgrams study

A

-fixed draw for participant to be the teacher
-watched learner taken into a room with electrodes attached to arms
-teacher and researcher next door with electric shock generator
-participant told to read out pairs of words that learner had to remember
-given electric shock if wrong or didnt answer

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12
Q

how did milgram increase internal validity in his study

A

-experimenter wore uniform
-watched learner taken into room with electrodes

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13
Q

what were the voltages of the shock generator

A

15V to 375V to 450V

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14
Q

what did the learner shout at 180V

A

that he could not stand the pain

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15
Q

what did the learner do at 300V

A

begged to be released

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16
Q

what did the learner do at 315V

A

silence

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17
Q

what happened if the participant asked for advice from the experimenter

A

response was one of 4 prods

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18
Q

what was prod 1

A

please continue

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19
Q

what was prod 2

A

the experiment requires that you continue

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20
Q

what was prod 3

A

it is absolutely essential that you continue

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21
Q

what was prod 4

A

you have no other choice, you must go on

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22
Q

what result did milgram expect from his study

A

2% of people would shock to the highest level, but most would quit early on

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23
Q

actual results of milgrams experiment

A

-all participants shocked up to 300V
-65% shocked up to 450V

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24
Q

evidence of milgrams study being unethical

A

-advertised as a study of memory so participants deceived
-money in advertisement clouded rights to withdraw
-believed shocks were real

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25
Q

who played the role of the learner in milgrams study

A

confederates

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26
Q

explain milgrams study being unethical

A

-undermines the value of the research
-hard to replicate when they are conducted in ethical circumstances

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27
Q

counter argument to milgrams study being unethical

A

-deception helps avoid demand characteristics as results would be inaccurate if behaviour changed
-debriefed participants after meaning had rights to withdraw

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28
Q

evidence of milgrams sample being unrepresentative

A

-all male
-all from same area in America
-all aged 20-50

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29
Q

explain milgrams sample being unrepresentative

A

-lacks population validity
-cannot be generalised
-beta bias due to lack of gender diversity
-cultural bias

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30
Q

explain research that suggests milgrams sample was unrepresentative as women behave differently

A

-sheridan and kings researches showed that 54% of males delivered lethal shocks to a puppy
-100% of women shocked

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31
Q

evidence of milgrams use of a lab experiment meaning the results lack ecological validity

A

-artificial environment
-task was artificial
-lacks mundane realism

32
Q

explain milgrams lab experiment meaning the results lack ecological validity

A

-results less likely to be able to be generalised to real life situations

33
Q

counterargument to milgrams lab experiment meaning the results lack ecological validity

A

-hoffling studied nurses on a hospital ward and obedience to unjustified demands from doctors was 21/22
-results can be generalised to real life situations
-reflects authority relationships as focused on the experimenter and participants
-results can be replicated

34
Q

evidence of other research suggesting milgrams study lacks internal validity

A

-the participants guessed that there weren’t real shocks
-gina Perrys research listened to tapes of milgrams participants and they expressed doubts about the shocks

35
Q

explain research suggesting milgrams study lacks internal validity

A

-milgram was not testing what he intended to as participants would change their behaviour and be more or less likely to obey

36
Q

counterargument to milgrams study lacking internal validity

A

-milgram reported 70% of his participants believed the shocks were genuine
-sheridan and kings experiment had no doubts

37
Q

why were factors in milgrams study changed systematically

A

-to be measurable
-to establish cause and effect

38
Q

percentage of obedience in change of location to a run down office

A

47.5%

39
Q

percentage of obedience when experimenter gave orders by phone

A

20.5%

40
Q

percentage of obedience when experimenter was played by a member of the public

A

20%

41
Q

how did milgram test variations to his study

A

-with the same conditions as the original procedure

42
Q

how did milgram investigate proximity

A

-had the experimenter give orders by phone to decrease the proximity

43
Q

evidence to contradict milgrams findings of proximity

A

-hofflings nurse study in a real life hospital
-orders given by a doctors phone call with scripted instructions
-control group without the doctors phone call
-majority obeyed to doctors orders even when over the phone

44
Q

how did milgram investigate location

A

-moved location to a run down office

45
Q

how did milgram investigate uniform

A

-had the experimenter played by a member of the public

46
Q

evidence to support milgrams findings when investigating uniform

A

-bickmans field experiment in New York
-3 male actors with a milkman, security guard and ordinary clothes
-actors asked people to pick up a bag, give someone money and stand under a no standing sign
-showed uniform increases obedience

47
Q

result of bickmans study

A

76% obedience to guard
47% obedience to milkman
30% obedience to pedestrian

48
Q

define agentic state

A

a mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour because we believe ourselves to be acting for an authority figure as their agent

49
Q

effects of an agentic state

A

-deny responsibility for their actions
-freed from demands of their consciences

50
Q

define an autonomous state

A

-free to behave according to their own principles
-so feel responsibility for their actions

51
Q

describe an agentic shift

A

-the shift from autonomy to agency
-when a person perceives someone else as a figure of authority
-as the person has more social power due to their place in a social hierarchy

52
Q

define legitimacy of authority

A

-an explanation for obedience which suggests that we are more likely to obey people who we perceive to have authority over us
-this authority is legitimate by the individuals position of power in a social hierarchy

53
Q

consequences of legitimacy of authority

A

-some are granted the power to punish others as people are willing to give up independence and hand over control of their behaviour

54
Q

describe how legitimacy of authority can differ

A

-depending on the context and environment
-uniform can portray authority

55
Q

evidence for agentic state in milgrams study

A

-the use of prods such as ‘the experimenter requires you to continue’ caused an agentic shift from autonomous to agentic state
-the participant can deny responsibility as they have followed orders from an authority figure
-the experimenter had legitimate authority

56
Q

evidence for legitimate authority in milgrams study

A

-the experimenter was in the corner of the room
-the experimenter wore uniform
-the experimenter had more social power due to perceived place in social hierachy
-participants obeyed out of fear of punishment

57
Q

example of alternative explanations of obedience other than agentic state and legitimacy of authority

A

-proximity can increase obedience as when experimenter was changed by milgram to be over the phone, obedience decreased to 20.5%
-location can affect obedience as when milgram moved the study to a run down office, obedience decreased to 47.5% -location makes it feel more official

58
Q

define a dispositional explanation

A

-any explanation of behaviour that highlights the importance of the individuals personality
-such explanations are often contrasted with situational explanations

59
Q

define an authoritarian personality

A

-a type of personality that adorno argued was especially susceptible to obeying people in authority
-such individuals are also thought to be submissive to those of higher status and dismissive of inferiors

60
Q

aim of the hofling nurse study

A

-investigate obedience to authority in a real world setting, specifically a hospital
-extent of obedience even if risking harm to a patient

61
Q

procedure of hofling nurse study

A

-field experiment with 22 night nurses
-dr smith phones nurses at a psych hospital and asked them to check the medicine cabinet for astroten
-the nurses see the maximum dosage is 10mg
-the doctor tells them to administer 20mg to mr jones in a hurry and says he will sign authorisation form later
-drug was placebo
-observer stopped study when the nurse got the medication and approached the patient

62
Q

which hospital rules would the hofling nurse study have broken

A

-instructions shouldnt be given over the phone
-they gave double the max dose
-medication was unauthorised

63
Q

when did the phone call end in the hofling nurse study

A

when they:
-obeyed
-resisted
-went for advice
-got upset
-could not find medication
-lasted over 10 mins

64
Q

findings of the hofling nurse study

A

-21/22 nurses obeyed and were about to administer medication
-1 nurse questioned identity of dr smith
-11 who went to administer were unaware of the dosage
-10 knew the dosage and assumed it was safe
-31/33 in a control group said they would not comply

65
Q

conclusion of hofling nurse study

A

-people are unwilling to question supposed authority even when they have good reason
-when nurses interviewed they said some doctors give orders by phone and would get frustrated if they were not completed
-social pressure from imbalance of power could lead to putting others at risk

66
Q

what did adorno believe

A

-obedience was caused by the personality of the individual
-so did research on the causes, traits and opinions of those with an authoritarian personality

67
Q

describe the origins of the authoritarian personality

A

-childhood experience
-overbearing parents,
strong discipline,
high expectations,
conditional love,
expectations of loyalty

68
Q

how does childhood experience cause an authoritarian personality

A

-resentment and hostility is created in the child that they cannot express due to fear of reprisal
-the fears are displaced onto those they see as weaker (scapegoating) which causes a dislike of those socially inferior

69
Q

what was the aim of adornos research

A

investigate the causes of the obedient personality

70
Q

describe the procedure of adornos research

A

-2000 white middle class americans
-measured their unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups
-used several scales including the f scale to measure authoritarian personality
-scale had fixed responses of disagree to agree strongly

71
Q

examples from the f scale

A

-obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn
-there is hardly anything lower than a person who does not feel a great love, gratitude and respect for his parents

72
Q

describe the findings from adornos research

A

-people with authoritarian leanings identified with strong people and were contemptuous of the weak
-they were conscious of their own and others status
-fixed and distinct stereotypes
-strong positive correlation between authoritarianism and prejudice

73
Q

conclusion from adornos research

A

people with an authoritarian personality have a tendency to be especially obedient to authority

74
Q

AO3 research support for the dispositional explanation

A

-milgram interviewed a small sample of the most obedient participants
-scored highly on the f scale

75
Q

AO3 counter for research support for the dispositional explanation

A

-this is only a correlation between 2 measured variables
-does not show authoritarian personality is a cause of obedience
-may be a third factor as low education is associated with both

76
Q

AO3 methodological problems with the research into the dispositional explanation

A

-based on flawed methodology
-all statements worded in the same direction
-questionnaires can be time consuming and confusing for participants
-people can agree due to acquiesce bias
-so it only measures the tendency to agree with everything

77
Q

AO3 alternative theories to the dispositional explanation which explain why a majority would obey

A

-pre war germany had racist, obedient and anti semitic behaviour
-social identity is a better explanation
-germans identified with the nazi state
-it is unlikely that many people had an authoritarian personality

A Level Psychology (7 decks)

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