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Stage 2 Psychology > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is obedience?

A

It is a form of social influence where an individual responds to a direct order, usually from an authority figure

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2
Q

What are the three factors that influence obedience?

A
  1. Proximity to the authority figure
  2. prestige of the authority figure
  3. deindividuation
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3
Q
  • What is an experimental investigation?
  • What has it been used for?
A
  • An experiment that involves manipulating variables to determine the cause and effect
  • to study obedience
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4
Q

How does experimental investigations differ from other investigations?

A
  1. applicability
  2. methodology
  3. one group that is not changed
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5
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of experimental investigations

A

Advantages:
can be replicated/repeated to see if the same findings emerge - maximizes control over relevant variables - demonstrates cause and effect relationships

Disadvantages:
generalizability outside the lab - feasibility to conduct experiment - ethical issues

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6
Q

Milgram and Zimbardo’s experiment on obedience were landmark experiments because they:

A

1 provide important insight into the human behavior
2. are heavily criticized for ethical reasons

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7
Q

What is conformity?

A
  • one form of social influence where individuals yield to group pressures
  • can be defined as a ‘change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure’
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8
Q

What is conformity affected by?

A
  1. normative social influence
  2. informational social influence
  3. individual characteristics
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9
Q

What are the three types of conformity?

A
  1. Compliance
  2. internalization
  3. Identification
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10
Q

Difference between obedience, compliance and conformity

A

Obedience: performing an action under words of authority - power

Compliance: changing actions at a request - does not rely on power

Conformity: changing actions to go with others - indirect influence

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11
Q

What is an observational research?

A
  • a research technique where you observe participants and phenomena in their most natural settings.
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11
Q

What is:
1. normative social influence
2. informational social influence
3. individual characteristics

A
  1. changing to fit into a group of people - (compliance and identification)
  2. person conform to gain knowledge - (internalization)
  3. what makes up someone, position in group, unfamiliarity to situation
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12
Q

What is:
1. Compliance
2. Identification
3. internalization

A
  1. Change in public behavior, no change in private behavior - short term
  2. Change in public behavior, change in private behavior (only in the presence of majority) - short term
  3. Change in public behavior, change in private behavior - long term
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13
Q

advantages and disadvantages of observational research?

A

Advantages: can explore topics are too unethical, costly, impractical or impossible to experiment

Disadvantages: lack of control in planning leads to an inability to create constant variable, limited ability to explore causation and confidently conclude that a change in the IV causes

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14
Q

Observational research and minority groups

A
  • minority communities can be subject to ethnocentric bias when an investigator collects data by observation and disadvantages
  • ethnocentric biases may have social, cultural, and/or ethical impacts on Australian Aboriginal people
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15
Q

Different types of observational design types

A
  • Longitudinal design
  • Cross-sectional studies
  • Naturalist observation

(there is more but these are the ones to remember)

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16
Q

What is persuasion?

A

the art of convincing others to change their attitudes or behaviors

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17
Q

What are the three approaches of persuasion?

A
  1. Yale attitude change approach
  2. Elaboration likelihood model
  3. Experience
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18
Q

What are the three components that make up the Yale attitude change approach?

A
  1. Source: person who conveys message (e.g., attractive),
  2. message: needs to evoke strong emotions or processing in the audience (e.g., statistics),
  3. audience: features of the audience (e.g., age, gender).
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19
Q

what are the 2 components that make up the Elaboration likelihood model?

A
  1. Peripheral processing routes: Persuading people using peripheral cues e.g., ad on buss stop
  2. Central route of persuasion: logic driven using facts - works for people will to engage e.g., a debate
20
Q

What are the two components that make up the Experience method?

A
  1. direct experience: attitudes are formed and changed through direct experiences e.g., listening to live band, roller coaster
  2. indirect experience: being exposed to topic, event, issue or object involves forming an attitude in a way that is less personal e.g., being told about it, reading about it
21
Q

What are the three persuasion tactics (resistance to persuasion tactics)

A
  1. the norm of reciprocity
  2. door-in-the-face
  3. foot-in-the-door
22
Q

Explain:
1. the norm of reciprocity
2. door-in-the-face
3. foot-in-the-door

A
  1. The norm of reciprocity: based on the social norm that people will return a favour when one is granted to them
  2. Door in the face: beginning with an initial large request, suggesting or do something or purchase something
  3. Foot in the door: persuader gets a person to agree to a small favour to buy small item, only to later request a larger favour or purchase
23
Q

What is attitude?

A

Refers to set of emotions, beliefs and behaviours towards a particular object, person, issue or event

24
Q

What are the components of attitudes (or the ABC’s of attitudes?

A

A: Affective component: refers to the motions reaction or feelings a person has towards things. Based on judgments. E.g., liking roller coasters

B: Behavioral component: refers to the actions or behaviors that we do in response e.g., going on the roller coaster

C: Cognitive component refers to the thoughts or beliefs we have about the topic. Thoughts are what we have learned and experiences in the world. Some beliefs are based on facts e.g., centripetal force is what keeps you from falling out of a roller coaster when you’re upside down. Some beliefs are based on opinion e.g., all roller coasters are dangerous

25
Q

A. What is the relationship between attitudes and behaviours?

B. What three features of attitudes that influence behaviour?

A

A. the relationship is bi-directional, therefore attitudes and behavior can influence each other

B.
1. attitude strength: Strong attitudes are those that are firmly held and that highly influence behaviour

  1. attitude accessibility: Attitudes which are used frequently are more easily accessible vs other which we don’t explore as often
  2. attitude specificity: Ensure the attitudes is more specific, rather than general to ensure the behaviours are consistent
26
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A
  • when thoughts feelings and behaviours are not aligned with one another
27
Q

Behaviour may also be influenced by?

A
  1. Situational pressures: changing behaviours in different social norms in different situations
  2. self-monitoring: refers to individual difference in the tendency to attend social cues and to adjust behaviours to social environments
28
Q

What are the different ways to measure attitudes?

A
  • self report

-behavioural counts

  • implicit association test
29
Q

what are reasons for inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour?

A
  • Mental distress
  • Inability to predict behavior
  • Social desirability bias
30
Q

What is prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping?

A

P: (affective + cognition) A negative attitude towards another person or group formed in advance of an experience with that person or group

D: (behaviour) - Different treatment of members of different ethnic, religious, national or other groups - Influenced by prejudice

S: (cognitive) A set of cognitive generalisations (beliefs, expectations) about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a group or social category - Stereotypes shape prejudice

31
Q

What are the reasons people are bias?

A

Unintentional bias: confirmation bias, attribution bias, gender bias, conformity bias

Exposure: from direct and indirect experiences

Learning: people are not born with prejudice attitudes and stereotypes - these are learned from people around them - Association, reinforcement, modelling

32
Q

three effects of prejudice:

A
  1. Social stigma: the disapproval or or discrimination against a person based on a stereotype that may associate or be associated with
  2. internalisation of others evaluation: person cognitively or emotionally absorb negative messages or stereotypes they have heard and now believe and apply to themself
  3. stereotype threat: a situation in which people are or feel to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group
33
Q

what are the 4 strategies to change attitudes and reduce prejudice?

A
  1. Education: in schools where children are taught about proactive values such as tolerance, community and the consequences of prejudice and what discrimination looks like
  2. Intergroup contact: reduced through direct contact between groups of people who have prejudicial attitudes towards each other
  3. Superordinate goals: work toward common goals, requiring equal contribution from each group
  4. Direct experience: creates attitudes that are stronger, have greater accessibility and are more durable over time
34
Q

What are other forms of discrimination?

A
  1. reluctance to help
  2. tokenism
  3. reverse discrimination
35
Q

What is self-presentation?

A
  • How people attempt to present themselves to control or shape how others (audience) perceive them

-Involves expressing self and behaving in ways that create a desired impression

36
Q

What is impression managment?

A

refers to controlled presentation of information about all sorts of things including information about other people or events

37
Q

what 4 factors are important when considering impression management?

A
  1. Schemata: Refers to our internal template of what we know and what to expect in situations
    - Generally, develops and evolves based on direct experience and from indirect learning
  2. Primacy: the phenomenon where information received at the beginning carries more weight than the information that follows
  3. Recency: the phenomenon where the most recent information carries more weight than information received prior
  4. Information that is distinctive:
38
Q

Self-presentation is managed differently on social media then in face-to-face contact”

A

Online: increased pressure to present positive attributes (withholding authentic self), misrepresentation of self, self promotion more frequent

Face to Face: less likely to share same volume of influence, verbal and non-verbal cues could contradict images online

39
Q

Validation of self-concept

A
  • images posted online demonstrate and validate self-concept
  • Is achieved by users crafting their online presence posting images that show only the most enviable moments and picture-perfect photos
  • External validation comes from likes, comments etc -> reinforces approval, aligning with SC and SP
  • A lack of responses can reinforce negative self-concept despite the ongoing attempt at positive self-presentation
40
Q

What is self concept?

A
  • Refers to our private sense of self, who we are and what is it that makes us so
  • Self-concept helps to build our identity and see ourselves vs social identity which is linked to the perception of how others see us
41
Q

What are the positives of Social media on mental health?

A
  • helping behaviours altruism and cooperation
  • correlation between engagement with SM and pro-social behaviours and negative gaming and online or-social behaviours
  • gaming online means that players work collaboratively within a team
  • can strengthen existing interpersonal relationships
  • allows individuals to explore and experiment with identify and self-expression
42
Q

What are the negatives of social media on mental health?

A
  • Individuals suffering from anxiety spend 89 more minutes/week on social media
  • A study found if you engage with 3 or more platforms you are more likely to be diagnosed with depression and anxiety
  • There is a difference between passive use and depression diagnoses
43
Q
A
44
Q

What are the ethical concerns with social media and social influence?

A
  • data collection techniques causing physcial or emotional discomfort
  • wellbeing, consent, and privacy rights being jeopardized
    -deceptions in investigations
45
Q

Ethical issues associated with applications of research in the area of soicla influence

A
  • use of fear as a strategy to motivate behavior change
  • use of knowledge about components of attitudes and elements of persuasion by advertisers, political campaigners, employers, and cooperation’s to change behaviors of individuals and groups
46
Q

What was milgrams experiment?

A

Giving increased shocks when told

47
Q

What was Zimbardos experiment?

A

Stanford prison

Stage 2 Psychology (4 decks)

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