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Stage 2 Psychology > Science Inquiry Skills > Flashcards

Science Inquiry Skills Flashcards

1
Q

What is the negative participant role?

A

where the participant attemptts to discern the experiments hypothesis, but only to destroy the credibility of the study

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2
Q

What is the good participant role?

A

occasionally participants behave in socially desirable ways in attempt to live up to the experiments expectations & support the hypothesis

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3
Q

what are experimenter effects?

A

personal characteristics of the experimenter and their behaviour during the experiment, that may affect the research

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4
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

The placebo effect is a participant variable that refers to an improvement in health or wellbeing, due to the participants belief that the treatment wil be effective

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5
Q

What are participant variables?

A

variables that affect the way the participants respond in an experiment

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6
Q

What is a constant?

A

A value that remains the same

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7
Q

What is a research question used for?

A

Qualitative research

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8
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A statement or testable prediciton about the likley results of the research

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9
Q

What must a hypothesis include?

A
  • Testable prediction
  • Independent variable
  • Dependent variable
  • Sample Population
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10
Q

What is operationalising variables?

A

This is used to ensure that the researcher is specific about what the IV is and how the DV will be measured

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11
Q

What is the dependant variable?

A

is what is measured in the research

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12
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

is deliberately changed by the researcher to determine its effect on another variable

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13
Q

when may observational design be used?

A

in research topics where it is unethical to deliberately expose a group to an independent variable

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14
Q

What are the benefits of independent groups design?

A

controlled groups creates a baseline of the data to compare the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable

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15
Q

How might a longitudinal study impact the results?

A

repeating similar tests over a period of time may affect the results of the test as the participants “learn” it and get used to being testes

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16
Q

What is an example of a repeated measure design?

A

A longditudinal study

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17
Q

Why is the repeated measures design effective?

A

has the advantage of participants being identical in characterisitics and abilities between experimental condtitions, eliminating participant variables as an extraneous variable (EV)

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18
Q

What is a repeated measure design?

A

uses only one group of participants who are exposed to different experimental conditions

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19
Q

What does every research design include?

A

at least one independent and one dependent variable

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20
Q

What is a variable?

A

a researchable factor that can increase or decrease in amount or kind

21
Q

what is random sampling?

A

is a technique in which each person id equally likley to be selected. Allows for increased likliness for equal participant variables in an experimental design

22
Q

What is random allocation?

A

is the method used to randomly select members of a sample to recieve the treatment in an experiment

23
Q

what is the best way to sort individuals into groups in an experimental design?

A

Random allocation.
Any method that gives each participant an equal chance of being in either group

24
Q

What is a common experimental design?

A

An independant group design, which includes allocating participants into an experiemntal group & a controlled group

25
What is convenience sampling?
involves selecting the sample from the a group of poeple that the research has access to
26
What is stratified sampling?
breaks population down into smaller groups, and random samples are taken from the smaller groups in the same proportion as they appear in the population
27
What is a sample?
the group of participants who are selected and participate in the research
28
What is an experimental design?
investigator examines behaviour by manipulating the independent variable
29
What are the three investigation types?
observational, experimental or qualitative
30
What is an observational design?
-Where groups are participants are obvious or the groups are pre-existing -The investigator collects data in a natural setting by means of behavioural observations or self-report methods
31
What is independent group design
involves allocating participants to two types of groups - experimental group and controlled group (Experimental design)
32
What is a repeated measure design?
uses only one group of participants who are exposed to different experiemental conditions
33
What is a matched participant design?
elliminates differences between the participants by allocating participants with similiar characterissitcs to each group
34
What is a longitudinal study?
ame test is repeated over a number of weeks, months or even years with the same participants (observational)
35
What is naturalistic observation?
involves observing and recording variables of interest in a natural setting without interference or manipulation (observational)
36
what is cross sectional studies?
used when the independant variable is age and used for a wide range of groups done at the same time
37
what is qualitive designs?
involves gathering data through methods such as interviews, focus groups and delphi technique
38
advantages and disadvantages of experimental designs?
advantages: randomised and blind, can determine causality, more validity disadvantages: may require MORE resources/time, ethical considerations, may become difficult if rare
39
advantages and disadvantages of observational designs?
advantages: may require LESS resources/time, less ethical concerns when dealing with potentially harmful exposure disadvantages: less validity --> hard to determine causality, not randomised or blinded
40
What is quantitative data?
represented by numbers snd can be statistically analysed and presented in tables and graphs to be interpretated - (objective)
41
what is qualitative data?
expressed in words or sentences and describes qualitity of behaviour (subjective)
42
What is mean? what are its strengths and limitations?
calculated by adding all the values in the data and then divding by th enumber of data sets. Strengths: ,akes use of all the data Limitations: is not representative when outliers exist. Susceptible to the influnece of outliers
43
What is mode? what are its strengths and limitations?
Is the most frequently occuring value in the data. Often the highest barwhen represented on a histogram Strengths: useful when data involed categories Limitations: not used in psychological data unless representing catagory based data. Not useful if there is more than 1 mode occuring in a data set. It does not tell us anything about the other values
44
What is median? what are its strengths and limitations?
Is the middle value in a data set when the data has been ordered from the smallest to largest value Strengths: not affected by outliers. Can be used with skewed data Limitations: is less useful when there is a small or large amount of data
45
what is standard deviation?
is a measure which tells us how dispersed the scores are around the mean in any data
46
Define reliability
measure of consistency, if a particular measurement is repeated and the same result is obtained
47
Define validity
concerned with the extent to which something measures what it sets out to measure
48
what is ethnocentrism?
refers to the tendency to use your own cultures as the standard by which you judge and evaluate other cultures
49
what are the 8 steps of a scientific method?
1: deconstruct - find areas for future research and determine the research aim 2: deconstruct - do background research and collect info 3: Design - identify the research question and formulate a hypothesis 4: design - design a research method to test the hypothesis 5: collect, present, summaries and analyse the data 6: Evaluate the procedure and data 7: Draw a conclusion 8: report the findings

Stage 2 Psychology (4 decks)

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