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Stage 2 Psychology > Science Inquiry Skills > Flashcards

Science Inquiry Skills Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the negative participant role?

A

where the participant attemptts to discern the experiments hypothesis, but only to destroy the credibility of the study

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2
Q

What is the good participant role?

A

occasionally participants behave in socially desirable ways in attempt to live up to the experiments expectations & support the hypothesis

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3
Q

what are experimenter effects?

A

personal characteristics of the experimenter and their behaviour during the experiment, that may affect the research

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4
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

The placebo effect is a participant variable that refers to an improvement in health or wellbeing, due to the participants belief that the treatment wil be effective

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5
Q

What are participant variables?

A

variables that affect the way the participants respond in an experiment

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6
Q

What is a constant?

A

A value that remains the same

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7
Q

What is a research question used for?

A

Qualitative research

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8
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A statement or testable prediciton about the likley results of the research

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9
Q

What must a hypothesis include?

A
  • Testable prediction
  • Independent variable
  • Dependent variable
  • Sample Population
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10
Q

What is operationalising variables?

A

This is used to ensure that the researcher is specific about what the IV is and how the DV will be measured

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11
Q

What is the dependant variable?

A

is what is measured in the research

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12
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

is deliberately changed by the researcher to determine its effect on another variable

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13
Q

when may observational design be used?

A

in research topics where it is unethical to deliberately expose a group to an independent variable

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14
Q

What are the benefits of independent groups design?

A

controlled groups creates a baseline of the data to compare the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable

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15
Q

How might a longitudinal study impact the results?

A

repeating similar tests over a period of time may affect the results of the test as the participants “learn” it and get used to being testes

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16
Q

What is an example of a repeated measure design?

A

A longditudinal study

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17
Q

Why is the repeated measures design effective?

A

has the advantage of participants being identical in characterisitics and abilities between experimental condtitions, eliminating participant variables as an extraneous variable (EV)

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18
Q

What is a repeated measure design?

A

uses only one group of participants who are exposed to different experimental conditions

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19
Q

What does every research design include?

A

at least one independent and one dependent variable

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20
Q

What is a variable?

A

a researchable factor that can increase or decrease in amount or kind

21
Q

what is random sampling?

A

is a technique in which each person id equally likley to be selected. Allows for increased likliness for equal participant variables in an experimental design

22
Q

What is random allocation?

A

is the method used to randomly select members of a sample to recieve the treatment in an experiment

23
Q

what is the best way to sort individuals into groups in an experimental design?

A

Random allocation.
Any method that gives each participant an equal chance of being in either group

24
Q

What is a common experimental design?

A

An independant group design, which includes allocating participants into an experiemntal group & a controlled group

25
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

involves selecting the sample from the a group of poeple that the research has access to

26
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

breaks population down into smaller groups, and random samples are taken from the smaller groups in the same proportion as they appear in the population

27
Q

What is a sample?

A

the group of participants who are selected and participate in the research

28
Q

What is an experimental design?

A

investigator examines behaviour by manipulating the independent variable

29
Q

What are the three investigation types?

A

observational, experimental or qualitative

30
Q

What is an observational design?

A

-Where groups are participants are obvious or the groups are pre-existing

-The investigator collects data in a natural setting by means of behavioural observations or self-report methods

31
Q

What is independent group design

A

involves allocating participants to two types of groups - experimental group and controlled group (Experimental design)

32
Q

What is a repeated measure design?

A

uses only one group of participants who are exposed to different experiemental conditions

33
Q

What is a matched participant design?

A

elliminates differences between the participants by allocating participants with similiar characterissitcs to each group

34
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

ame test is repeated over a number of weeks, months or even years with the same participants (observational)

35
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

involves observing and recording variables of interest in a natural setting without interference or manipulation (observational)

36
Q

what is cross sectional studies?

A

used when the independant variable is age and used for a wide range of groups done at the same time

37
Q

what is qualitive designs?

A

involves gathering data through methods such as interviews, focus groups and delphi technique

38
Q

advantages and disadvantages of experimental designs?

A

advantages: randomised and blind, can determine causality, more validity

disadvantages: may require MORE resources/time, ethical considerations, may become difficult if rare

39
Q

advantages and disadvantages of observational designs?

A

advantages: may require LESS resources/time, less ethical concerns when dealing with potentially harmful exposure

disadvantages: less validity –> hard to determine causality, not randomised or blinded

40
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

represented by numbers snd can be statistically analysed and presented in tables and graphs to be interpretated - (objective)

41
Q

what is qualitative data?

A

expressed in words or sentences and describes qualitity of behaviour (subjective)

42
Q

What is mean? what are its strengths and limitations?

A

calculated by adding all the values in the data and then divding by th enumber of data sets.

Strengths: ,akes use of all the data

Limitations: is not representative when outliers exist. Susceptible to the influnece of outliers

43
Q

What is mode? what are its strengths and limitations?

A

Is the most frequently occuring value in the data. Often the highest barwhen represented on a histogram

Strengths: useful when data involed categories

Limitations: not used in psychological data unless representing catagory based data. Not useful if there is more than 1 mode occuring in a data set. It does not tell us anything about the other values

44
Q

What is median? what are its strengths and limitations?

A

Is the middle value in a data set when the data has been ordered from the smallest to largest value

Strengths: not affected by outliers. Can be used with skewed data

Limitations: is less useful when there is a small or large amount of data

45
Q

what is standard deviation?

A

is a measure which tells us how dispersed the scores are around the mean in any data

46
Q

Define reliability

A

measure of consistency, if a particular measurement is repeated and the same result is obtained

47
Q

Define validity

A

concerned with the extent to which something measures what it sets out to measure

48
Q

what is ethnocentrism?

A

refers to the tendency to use your own cultures as the standard by which you judge and evaluate other cultures

49
Q

what are the 8 steps of a scientific method?

A

1: deconstruct - find areas for future research and determine the research aim

2: deconstruct - do background research and collect info

3: Design - identify the research question and formulate a hypothesis

4: design - design a research method to test the hypothesis

5: collect, present, summaries and analyse the data

6: Evaluate the procedure and data

7: Draw a conclusion

8: report the findings

Stage 2 Psychology (4 decks)

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