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Aqa A Level Psychology > Social influence > Flashcards

Social influence Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Kelman(1958)

A

suggested 3 types of conformity

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of conformity?

A

-compliance
-identification
-internalisation

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3
Q

What is compliance?

A

-publicly changing views but privately disagreeing

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4
Q

What is identification?

A

-publicly and privately changing beliefs and behaviour but is is temporary

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5
Q

What is internalisation?

A

-an individual publicly and privately changes their beliefs and behaviour because they have genuinely accepted the views of the group

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6
Q

What did Deutsch and Gerard (1955) propose?

A

-The 2 process theory-2 reasons why people conform

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7
Q

What is informative social influence(ISI)

A

-people conform due to the desire to be right
-it is a cognitive process
-it is a form of internalisation

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8
Q

What is normative social influence(NSI)

A

-people conform due to the desire to be liked
-it is an emotional process
-it is a form of compliance

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9
Q

What are some features of Asch’s baseline study?

A

-lab experiment
-123 male American participants
-volunteer sampling was used

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10
Q

What was the procedure of Asch’s experiment?

A

-pps saw 2 large cards, one with a standard line and 1 with a comparison line. Each person in the room had to state which comparison line was the same length as the standard line
-each naive participant was tested with a group of 6-8 confederates

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11
Q

What were the results to Aschs study

A

-pps gave the wrong answer 36.8% of the time
-25% never conformed
-74% conformed at least once
-in the control group, with no pressure to conform to confederates, less than 1% of participants gave the wrong answer
-this shows there were high levels of conformity when the situation was unambiguous

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12
Q

What was the conclusion to Aschs study

A

-participants conformed due to fear of rejection(NSI)

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13
Q

What were Asch’s variations?

A

-Group size, unanimity, task difficulty

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14
Q

How did variating the group size affect the results?

A

-when there were2 confederates, conformity to the wrong answer was 13.6%
-3 confederates caused conformity rising to 31.8%
-further increases to the majority made little difference to conformity

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15
Q

How did unanimity affect the results?

A

-Asch introduced a dissenting confederate-someone who gave the wrong answer sometimes and the right answer sometimes but always disagreed with majority
-conformity reduced by 1/4

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16
Q

How did task difficulty affect the results?

A

-Asch made the line-judging task harder by making the stimulus line and comparisons lines more similar in length
-conformity increases

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17
Q

What are some limitations of Asch’s study

A

-lacks temporal validity(1950’s was a conformist time in America)
-situation and task was artificial so demand characteristics could have occured
-it was biased-Men and American
-ethical issues

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18
Q

What is a strength of Asch’s study?

A

-it is easy to replicate
-standardised procedures

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19
Q

How can Lucas et al.(2006) support Asch’s study?

A

-carried out the math experiment and found people were more likely to conform when they were not confident in their own math abilities

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20
Q

What is conformity?

A

-a change in a person’s behaviour or beliefs as a result of a real or imagined pressure from a person or a group of people

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21
Q

What is a social role?

A

-A set of behaviour that are expected of someone who holds a particular status

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22
Q

What did Zimbardo(1971) argue?

A

-argued that it is the situation that makes people act the way they do rather than their disposition(personality)

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23
Q

What was the method for the Stanford prison experiment?

A

-controlled observation: mock prison was created in the basement of Stanford University
-Zimbardo played the role of lead researcher and prison superintendent so it was also a participant observation
-participants responded to a newspaper ad so it was a volunteer sample

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24
Q

What was the sample for Zimbardo’s experiment?

A

-24 ‘emotionally stable men who were also white and middle class students

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25
Q

What was the procedure for Zimbardo’s experiment?

A

-prisoners were arrested in their homes and delivered to the prison
-some of their basic civil rights were gone
-prisoner’s names were not used just their numbers
-the guards had their own uniform consisting of a wooden club, handcuffs, keys. They worked in teams of 3 for 8-hour shifts and were allowed off site after their shift

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26
Q

What were the results for Zimbardo’s experiment?

A

-the guards humiliated and punished the prisoners. This threatened the prisoner’s psychological and physical health
-prisoners had begun to rebel, ripping their uniforms and swearing at the guards.
-prisoners had become to show signs of mental distress
-study was stopped after 6 days

27
Q

What was the conclusion of this study the Zimbardo experiment

A

-it rejects the dispositional hypothesis
-it is the power of the situation that was more important than personality
-the more the guards had identified with their roles, the more aggressive their behaviour had become

28
Q

What are some weaknesses of Zimbardo’s study?

A

-cultural bias
-gender bias
-age bias
-lacks ecological validity
-lacks temporal validity
-could be some extraneous variables
-major ethical issues

29
Q

What is a strength of Zimbardo’s experiment?

A

-had some control over variables

30
Q

What is the agentic state?

A

–When someone acts as an agent
-an agent is someone who acts for or in place of another
-they experience moral strain when they realise that what they are doing is wrong, but feel powerless to disobey

31
Q

What is the autonomous state?

A

-it is the state of being free to behave according to their own principles and therefore, feel a sense of responsibility for their own actions

32
Q

What is the agentic shift?

A

-shift from autonomy to agency

33
Q

What are binding factors?

A

-aspects of the situation that allow the person to ignore or minimise the damaging affect of their behaviour and thus reduce the ‘moral strain’ they are feeling

34
Q

What is legitimacy of authority?

A

-people legally have the right to punish others
-destructive authority refers to when legitimate authority becomes destructive. For example, Hitler.

35
Q

Where do we learn authority?

A

-our childhood

36
Q

What was Milgram(1963)’s baseline obedience study?

A

-was interested in why the holocaust happened so he tried to see if ordinary people would obey an unjust order from an authority figure

37
Q

What was the method in Milgram’s study?

A

-controlled observation in a lab at Yale university in the USA, participants were told it was a study of memory and learning
-40 American male participants
-a confederate was always the learner whilst the true participant was always the teacher
-another confederate dressed up as an experimenter

38
Q

What was the method in Milgram’s study pt2?

A

-learner had to learn words
-teacher had to give an increasingly severe ‘electric shock’ each time the learner made a mistake on the test
-after 315 volt shock, the learner pounded on the wall
-in reality, no shocks were being given.
-when teacher asked experimenter for guidance, standard instructions were given

39
Q

What were the results of Milgram’s study?

A

-65% of participants continued to the full 450 volts
-participants showed signs of extreme tension
-ordinary people will obey unjust orders from someone perceived to be a legitimate authority figure

40
Q

How did proximity affect the results?

A

-when the teacher and the learner were in the same room, the obedience rates fell from 65% to 40%
-touch proximity-teacher forces hand onto shock plate obedience dropped to 30%
-remote instruction-instructions via telephone, obedience dropped to 20.5%

41
Q

How did location affect the results?

A

-the study was conducted in a run down building afterwards and cpnformity fell tp 47.5%

42
Q

How did legitimacy of authority affect the results?

A

-experimenter wore grey lab coat and was then called awat. He was taken over by an ordinary member of the public in everyday clothes and obedience dropped to 20%

43
Q

Who is Bickman(1974)

A

-had 3 confederates wearing different outfits asking passer bys to do things. Found that people were over twice as likely to obey the one dressed like a security guard

44
Q

What are some limitations of Milgram’s situational variables?

A

-low internal validity
-Milgram’s conclusions provide an obedience alibi

45
Q

Who was Theodore Adorno et al

A

-argued the authoritarian personality was susceptible to obeying people in authority

46
Q

What was the sample size for Theordore et al study?

A

-2000 middle class white americans

47
Q

What was the method for authoritarian investigation

A

-questionnaires were developed with questions such as ‘obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues a child can learn’

48
Q

What were the findings of his experiment?(Theordore et al)

A

-authoritarians identified with ‘strong people’ and were conscious of their own and others’ status
-they were more obedience to an authority figure

49
Q

where does the authoritarian personality originate from?

A

-formed from experiences of harsh parenting in childhood and conditional love

50
Q

Who is Rotter(1966)

A

-proposed the concept of locus of control

51
Q

What is the internal locus of control?

A

-they believe they are mostly responsible for what happened to them

52
Q

what is the external locus of control?

A

-believe everything is a matter of luck, blame others for situations rather than themselves.

53
Q

What is minority influence?

A

-form of social influence in which a small group or sometimes just one person persuades to adopt their beliefs, attitudes or behaviours

54
Q

What are the 3 processes of minority influence?

A

-consistency, commitment and flexibility

55
Q

What is consistency?

A

-synchronic consistency: all people in minority agree/they hold the same belief/ are delivering the same message
-diachronic consistency: they have held these beliefs/conveyed the message over time

56
Q

What is commitment?

A

-showing deep involvement

57
Q

What is the augmentation principle?

A

-the minority carries out behaviours that can put them at risk in order to demonstrate their commitment to the cause

58
Q

What is flexibility?

A

-showing willingness to listen to others

59
Q

What is deeper processing?

A

-individuals think deeply about the minority position. Over time, more people convert to that, referred to as the snowball effect

60
Q

What was Nemeth(1986) study?

A

-investigated the idea of flexibility in which participants in groups of 4 had to agree on the amount of compensation they would give to a victim of a ski-lift accident

61
Q

What was Moscovici et al(1969)’s study?

A

-sample of 172 female students were told that they were taking part in a colour perception task. There were 4 naive and 2 confederates and they were shown 36 slides which varied in intensity
-confederates declared all the slides were green-they were consistent
-confederates declared 2/3 of the slides were green-inconsistent minority

62
Q

What were the results?

A

`

63
Q

what is social cryptomnesia?

A

-social change came about but people have no memory of the above events that led to that change

Aqa A Level Psychology (6 decks)

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