social influence Flashcards

Question 1

Q

3types of conformity&explanations

what is conformity

+ the different types?

Answer

A

“yeilding to group pressures”
when a person changes behaviour or attitude in response to group pressure
*

types-internalisation,identification&complience

Question 2

Q

types of conformity&explanations

internalisation

Answer

A

when person genuinley accepts the group norms
=public&private changes in behaviour permenently change of view even when group not present
egbecoming vegetarian permenently after living with flatmate of brought upin religious household and becoming religious.

strongest type

Question 3

Q

types of conformity&explanations

identification

Answer

A

when you conform to group opinions or behaviour because there is something in group that we value
**publically change&temporart/short term **
only in presence of group
egonly being vegetarian in household of vegetarians then eating meat at home.

middle level

Question 4

Q

types of conformity&explanations

complience

Answer

A

“going along with others
to gain approval or avoid dissaproval
publically agree&privately disagree
likely to occur as a result of normative social influence
eg friends pressure you into drinking even though you truly dont want to and will not drink outside of social situations

lowest/weakest level

Question 5

Q

types of conformity&explanations

*-informational social influence

Answer

A

someone conforms because they want to be right,look at others(the majority) assume they are more likely to be correct
occurs when a person is uncertain or unsure
situations where we do not have knowledge or expertise
eg person followimgh crowd in an emergency because they assumed it was the right way or person copying majority answer in class if they are unsure.
tends to involve internalisation

cognitive because its to do with what you think

evidence- fein et al asked pps to vote for US president candidate after they sawothers voting for somebody else.Most changed their mind as they wanted to be “correct”

Question 6

Q

types of conformity&explanations

factors that influence&increase liklehood of informational social influence

Answer

A

expertises is present
ambigious or difficult sitation
stressful or crisis situation(need to make descisions quickly)

Question 7

Q

types of conformity&explanations

normative social influence

Answer

A

“norms or typical behaviour of social group”
want to be accepted or have approval from a group drives complience,to avoid embarrasment or disagreement
**leads to complience*
publically change behaviour but privatley disagree.
egperson started smoking as they are surrounded by people who smoke which is normal for them.

emotional rather than a cognitive process

Question 8

Q

types of conformity&explanations

factors that influence&increase liklehood of normative social influence

Answer

A

unfamiliar groups-concered about social rejection
familiar groups-concerned about social approval
stressful or crisis situation-greater need for social suuport

Question 9

Q

types of conformity&explanations

strengths of normative social influence

Answer

A

there is evidenvce that supports it as an explanation of conformity
eg link between NSI and bullying-real life application- Garandeau and Cillissen found that a boy can be manipulated by a bully into victimising another child so boy will bully other child to avoid dissaproval

Question 10

Q

types of conformity&explanations

strengths of informational social influence

Answer

A

there is evidence to support this eg Lucas et al found that conformity to an obviously incorrect maths answer was greater when question was more difficult and pp rated their own maths ability unfavourable-inderviduals more likely to turn to inderviduals in an ambigious situation when they lack information

Question 11

Q

NSI&ISI limiations

Answer

A

suggested by deutsch and gerrards “two process model”
eg providing a dissenting confederate(one extra person giving right answer)-provides social support reducing effect of NSI on naive pp
equally reduces ISI confederate provides pp with alternative source of information
they are both complimentary not exclusive mechanisms.

Question 12

Q

Conformity:Aschs research

how many participents and who

Answer

A

123 male american undergraduates in groups of 6
consisting of 1 true pp&5 confederates (actors/people in experiment)

Question 13

Q

Conformity:Aschs research

aim

Answer

A

to investigate conformity to other peoples incorrect answers in an unambigious situation

Question 14

Q

Conformity:Aschs research

procedure

Answer

A

pps and confederates presented with 4 lines
3 comparison lines & 1 standard
asked to state which of the three has same length as standard
real pp answered last or second to last
confederates gave same incorrect answer for 12/18 trials
Asch observed whether pp gave same incorrect answer or correct

Question 15

Q

Conformity:Aschs research

findings

Answer

A

36.8%-conformed
25%-never conformed
75%-conformed at least once
in control trial only 1% gotit incorrect = increase in validity-eliminated extraneous variables of eyesight and perception.

pps reported they conformed to avoid being ridiculed.

Question 16

Q

conformity aschs research-variables investigated

variations investigated by asch

Answer

A

group size
unamity
task difficulty

Question 17

Q

variables investigated by asch

group size

Answer

A

P-used a varied number of confederates in each group between 1-15
E-individual more likely to conform in a larger group- low conformity less than 3- any more than 3 rose by 30%
E-person more likely to conform in big group because if all memebrs are in agreement it increases confidence in answer
L- majority must be at least 3 to exert an influence therefore overwhelming majority is not needed.

Question 18

Q

variables investigated by asch

Unamity

Answer

A

*P individual more likely to conform when the group is unanimous(ie alll give same answer) rather than different
* Ewhen dissenter confederate added or another pp(one extra giving correct answer) conformity fell from 32%-5.5%
* when different answers conformity fell from 32%-5%
* E more unanimous=more confidence pp will have in answer being correct leading to it being more likely to be incorrect.
L its vital in establishing consistent majority view and establishing NSI to avoid conflicting views in uprising.

Question 19

Q

variables investigated by asch

Task difficulty

Answer

A

P Asch made stimulus line (S or X) & comparison line more similar in length increasing difficulty of task.
E therefore,conformity increased since it was harder to judge
E when task is difficult we are more uncertain=greater conformity
L suggests that ISI has a major influence for conformity when situation is ambigious and we dont have enough knowldge to make informed desciosn independantley so we rely on others.

Question 20

Q

evaluation of Aschs baseline procedure

limitation-Perrin&Spencer 1980

lacks validity

Answer

A

they conducted the same experiment in the uk and only 1 student conformed/396
argued that Asch effect is not consistent across situations or time.
lacks temporal validity findings cannot be generalised over time periods

Question 21

Q

evaluation of Aschs baseline procedure

limitation-Aschs research was a “child of its time”

Answer

A

conducted in 1950s therefore this was after the war ended led to higher conformity
eg collectivist cultures&makes sense to conform social norms lacks validity
however,now USA is more individualistic so conformity now maybe less.

Question 22

Q

evaluation of Aschs baseline procedure

limitation-lacks population validity

Answer

A

it was a volunteer sample therefore, could be subject to bias
doesn’t represent whole population
subject to gender bias only male undergraduates(beta bias)
*

Question 23

Q

evaluation of Aschs baseline procedure

limitation-lacks ecological validity artifical in lab setting

Answer

A

artificial situations,lab studies lack generalisability
based on peoples perception of lines findings cannot be generalised to real life
doesn’t reflect real life complexity of conformity other confounding variables and majorities exert influence not only in big group

Question 24

Q

evaluation of Aschs baseline procedure

limitation-ethical issues

Answer

A

there was deception as pps thought study was about perception not complience
could not give informed consent
&potential psycological ham due to embarresment or being under pressure.
*

Question 25

Q

evaluation of Aschs baseline procedure

strength-laboratory setting

Answer

A

extraneous variables & confounding variables are controlled,which increases validity of the study
*

Question 26

Q

evaluation of Aschs baseline procedure

strength-supports normative influence(to fit in)

Answer

A

pps reported that they conformed to fit in with group
supports that people conform to fit in group even if they privately disagree.

Question 27

Q

evaluation of Aschs baseline procedure

strength-high internal validity

Answer

A

strict control over extranous&confounding
eg timing and type of task
did experiment prevously without confederate as a control-reliable cause and effect
relationships therefore can be established.

Question 28

Q

conformity to social roles as investigated by zimbardo

what was it

Answer

A

in 1973 zimbardo aimed to inestigate conformity to social roles
used 24 male undergraduate males
“why good people do bad things?” in a stimulated environment.
*

Question 29

Q

conformity to social roles as investigated by zimbardo

procedure prior to the study

Answer

A

they did volunteer sampling (an advert at stanforf university)
offering $15 a day for 1-2 weeks participating in a mock prison
it was set up in a basement and then carefully selected pps who seemed emotionally stable, randomly allocating them to roles of prisoner or gaurd
no one allowed to leave
behaviour then observed

Question 30

Q

conformity to social roles as investigated by zimbardo

role of prisoners

Answer

A

they were unexpectadley arrested by real police officers
had to wear real uniform
they were only reffered to by their assigned number
only allowed out in hallway “yard”
3 prisoners per cell,3 meals a day,3 supervised toilet trips a day.
2 visits a week

Question 31

Q

conformity to social roles as investigated by zimbardo

role of gaurds

Answer

A

given uniforms and items eg handcuffs,keys,whistles&reflected sunglasses(make eyecontact with prisoners impossible.reinforce bounderies between social roles within established social hierarchy
worked 8 hour shifts allowed to control behaviour of prisoners to emphasise power
physical violence not permitted

Question 32

Q

conformity to social roles as investigated by zimbardo

findings

Answer

A

identification(person changes their public behaviour and their private beliefs, but only while they are in the presence of the group they are identifying with.) occured very fast people conformed to roles within 2 days
gaurds harrassed and tormented prisoners,later reported that they enjoyed the new power&control.Became moire demanding of obedience assertiveness&dominant
prisonerstalked about prison issues snitched on others to please gaurds.evidence suggests that prisoners actually believed prison was real due to demand characteristics.started to rebel due to inhumane treatment.Became submissive

respectively social roles became increasingly internalised

Question 33

Q

conformity to social roles investigted by Zimbardo

conclusions

Answer

A

individuals are quick to conform to their social roles
as environment influences behaviour.

Question 34

Q

evaluation of zimbardos prison experiment

strength-real life application

Answer

A

research changed the way US prisons are run eg young prisoners no longer staying with adult prisoners to prevent bad behaviour perpetuating

Question 35

Q

evaluation of zimbardos prison experiment

strength-debreifing

Answer

A

person changes their public behaviour (the way they act) and their private beliefs, but only while they are in the presence of the group they are identifying with.
but does
not change the quality (in terms of validity and reliability) of the
findings.
practical application of an increased understanding
of the mechanisms of conformity and the variables which affect this.

Question 36

Q

evaluation of zimbardos prison experiment

strength-control of variables

Answer

A

high control of variables
by randomly allocating pps to role of prisoner or gaurd in highly controlled environment
leads to high internal validity can draw conclusions about conformity to social roles

Question 37

Q

evaluation of zimbardos prison experiment

weakness-lack of realism

Answer

A

study has been critisised for lack of realism to a true prison
banuazizi&mohavedi 1975-argued pps were reacting based off their own steryotypes of how they perseved prisoners&gaurds behaviour leads to invalid results
suggests that experiment provides little conformity to social roles in actual prison.

Question 38

Q

evaluation of zimbardos prison experiment

counterpoint-lack of realism

Answer

A

however mcdermott argues pps did behave as if prisons was real
90% of conversations were about prison life&how its impossible to leave.
experiment did replicate social roles of prisoners - gives high degree of internal validity.

Question 39

Q

evaluation of zimbardos prison experiment

weaknesses -exaggerates the power roles

Answer

A

potentialy exaggerates the power of soial roles to influence behaviour
only 1/3 actually behaved brutally,
other1/3 applied rules fairley symathising with prisoners offering cigerettes
suggests zimbardo overstated his view that pps were conforming to social roles&minimised the influence of dispositional factors.

Question 40

Q

evaluation of zimbardos study

weakness-replication(Reicher&Haslam) 2006

Answer

A

lack of research support- they conducted the same experiment in britian
found opposite findings,prisoners developed strong sense of normys&identity eventually took over prison&subjected gaurds to disobedience and harrasment
unreliable because findings couldnt be replicated making it difficult to draw conclusions
changed in attitude towards social conformity was different aswell historically&culturally

Question 41

Q

evaluation of zimbardos study

weakness-lacks ecological validity

Answer

A

study suffered from demand
characteristics. For example, the participants knew that they were
participating in a study and therefore may have changed their
behaviour, either to please the experimenter
expectations associated with their role
rather genuinely adopting it
one guard, who said
that he based his performance from the stereotypical guard role
portrayed in the film Cool Hand Luke, thus further reducing the
validity of the findings

Question 42

Q

evaluation of zimbardos study

weakness-lacks population validity

Answer

A

sample only consisted of American
male students and so the findings cannot be generalised to other
genders and cultures.
For example, collectivist cultures, such as
China or Japan, may be more conformist to their prescribed social
roles because such cultures value the needs of the group over the
needs of the individual.
suggests that such findings may be
culture-bound!

Question 43

Q

evaluation of zimbardos study

weakness-ethical issues

Answer

A

Lack of fully informed consent due to the deception required to
(theoretically) avoid demand characteristics and participant reactivity.
**Psychological harm ** pps not protected from stress one pp had uncotrololable screaming&crying.
This study would be deemed unacceptable
according to modern ethical standards.

Question 44

Q

evaluation of zimbardos study

what was the aim?1983

Answer

A

attempted to observe whether people would obey a figure of authority when
told to harm another person i.e. evaluating the influence of a
destructive authority figure.

Question 45

Q

milgrams study for obedience

what is obedience

Answer

A

a form of social influence in which anindividual follows a direct order.
the person issuing order usually figure of authority
has power to punish when obidient behaviour is not showing.

Question 46

Q

Milgrams study for obedience

what was his aim?

Answer

A

to observe whether people would obey a figure of authority when told to harm another person
evaluating influence of a destructive figure

Question 47

Q

milgrams study for obedience 1963

the procedure:

Answer

A

randomly selected 40 male volunteers
each pp given a role of a teacher
a confederate(actor) given role of a learner
pp had to ask confederate a series of questions if they got ot wrong,pp had to give confederate an electrcal shock even when answer was given
e electric shocks incremented by **15 volts at a time, ranging from
300V to 450V, where 330V was marked as ‘lethal’. **
confederates not actually hurt they were acting.

Question 48

Q

milgrams study for obedience 1963

how were the pps assessed?

Answer

A

on how many volts they were willing to
shock the confederate with.

Question 49

Q

milgrams study for obedience 1963

what was the experimentors role?

Answer

A

give a series of orders / prods when
the participant refused to administer a shock,
increasing in terms of demandness every time pp refused to give a shock
same 4 prods were used each time
1) “please continue”
2)”experimentor requires you to continue”
3)”it is absolutley essential that you continue”
4)”you have no other choice you must continue”

Question 50

Q

milgrams study for ebedience 1963

what was the role of the learner?

Answer

A

they were a confederate (actor)
connected to electrodes in another room answering questions in word pairs
faking their pain about the shock.

Question 51

Q

milgrams study 1983

what were the findings?

Answer

A

All participants went up to 300V
65% went up to 450V
only 12.5% stopped at
300V, showing that the vast majority of participants were prepared
to give lethal electric shocks to a confederate.

Question 52

Q

milgrams study 1963

factors affecting obdedience:

Answer

A

proximity
location
uniform

Question 53

Q

milgrams study on obedience 1963

what is legitamcy

Answer

A

conformity to the law or to rules

Question 54

Q

factors affecting obedience

location

Answer

A

pps obeyed more when study was conducted in a prestigious university eg yale uni
when milgram conduction variation in a run down office block obedience fell to 47.5%
meaning prestigious environment provided legitimacy&authority then pps believed experimentor shared legitimacy
*

however obedience was still quite high in run down offfice building as pps percieved “scientific” nature of experiment.

Question 55

Q

factors affecting obedience

uniform

Answer

A

pps obeyed more when experimentor wore a lab coat
provides higher status and greater sense of legitimacey and authority
in baseline study one variation where experimentor was taken over by “ordinary member of the public(confederate) in every day clothes compared to a lab coat
oediencedropped to 20% lowest variation.

however demand characteristics clearly evident in this condition as pps could clearly see through this deception.

Question 56

Q

factors affecting obedience

proximity

Answer

A

pps obeyed more when experimentor was in the same room
eg, 62.5%
reduced to 40% when experimenter and pps were in seperate rooms
**reduced to a further
30% **
eg , experimenter
forcibly placed the participant’s hand on the electric plate.

Question 57

Q

milgrams study for obedience 1963

what was the role of the teacher?

Answer

A

they were the naive pp
giving increasingly severe electric shocks for every incorrect answer given
starting at 15v
300v being intense shock.
315v learner would stop answering

Question 58

Q

evalutation of milgrams study

strength-debreifing

Answer

A

participants were thoroughly and carefully debriefed on the real aims of the study
in an attempt to deal with **ethical breach of the guideline of protection from deception and
the possibility to give informed consent. **
in a follow up study 84% ofpps were glad they were partof study
74% felt they learnt something
means study left little or no psycological harm on pps

Question 59

Q

evalutation of milgrams study

strength-real life application

Answer

A

obedience has resulted in negative social change eg nazis obeyed orders led to Hitler abusing his power, research gives insight to why people were so willing to kill innocent jews
we can all be easily influenced and victims to such pressures
power of influences is important through social order&moral behaviours

Question 60

Q

evalutation of milgrams study

strength-highly replicable
le jeu de la mort

Answer

A

procedure of study was replicated consistent and similar obedience levels had called le jeu de la mort 2012
80% of pps delivered maximum shock of 460 volts
behaviour was almost identical to study-while being cheered on by presenter & tv audience
nervous behaviour,nail biting&anxiety
inreases external validity

high replication increases reliablity

Question 61

Q

evaluation of milgrams study

strength-cross cultural replication

Answer

A

findings have been replicated to other cultures
eg meeus&Raajmakers 1986 used a more realistic approach- pps ordered to say stressful things to interview someone (confederate) desperate for a job
90% obeyed
also researched proximity- when person giving orders not present obedience decreased dramatically
suggets that Milgrans findings are not just limited to american men but can be applied across cultures&women.

counterpoint- Peter Smith&Michael bond identified two replications that took place in indian and jordan- which were different to US whereas other countries eg spain,australia and scotland)-more more culturally similar to us therefore, conluding that milgrams are applicable to all countries may not be as reliable

Question 62

Q

evalutation of milgrams study

strength-social identity theory

Answer

A

Alex Haslam-2014
every pp disobeyed on the 4th prod “you have no choice you must go on
therefore, pps only obeyed when identified with sicentific aims of study -“experiment requires you to continue(social identity theory)
therefore, more valid interpretations of study identified obedience science as a reason for obedience which milgram said himself

Question 63

Q

evalutation of milgrams study

strength-external validity

Answer

A

supporting studies hofling et al 1966- observed behaviour of doctors&nurses in a natural covert experiment
95% nurses obeyed a doctor(confederate) over phone to increase patients dosage by double their usual
suggests every day individuals are susceptible to obeying destructive authority figures.
*

Question 64

Q

evaluation of Milgrams study

strength- bickman&uniform

Answer

A

Bickmen 1974 highlighted power of uniform in feild experiment
dressing in different outfits jacket&tie,milkmans outfit,security gaurd uniform
confederates stood in street asking passer bys to perform tasks eg pick up litter or handing coin over for parking meter
people was 2X more likely to obey assistant dressed as a security vs jacket&tie
this therefore supported the situation variable of uniform

Answer 65

A

deception involved therefore informed consent couldnt be obtained
however, deception was justified by the aim of avoiding demand characteristics eg please you and screw you effect
psycological harm- inflicted upon pps showing signs of distress sweating trembling &nervous laughter

Answer 66

A

milgrams findings suggest that those who are responsible for killing innocent people can be excused as it was too difficult to disobey judicary system would deeply disagree with this
eg the holocaust could easily be defended as nazis were “simply folllowing orders”
individuals should be expected to take moral resposnsibility for actions

Answer 67

A

pps may have been aware that procedure was fake
Martinorne&Charles Holland 1968 made this critisism where experimenter was replaced by “member of public”
therefore, studies are unclear whethere findings are genuinley due to operation if obedience or because people saw through deception responding to through demand characteristics
& through location even when replicated in run down office obedience only decreased to 20.5%

Answer 68

A

tasks given to pps dont replicate scenarios in everyday life eg the severity
lacks mundane realism
producing results which lack validity

Answer 69

A

milgram offered social&psycological explanations the level of obedience he found in his studies
looking at individual behaviour not external

Answer 70

A

(acting as a state for another person)
they feel no personal responsibility for their actions
person shifts from autonomous state(where they will take responsibility for actions) to agentic state
known as agentic shift

autonomous state independant&free make descisions based on moral pri

agentic shift shift from autonomous to agentuc shift due to presence of authoritive figure

Answer 71

A

idea that people are more likely to obey when they are in agentic shift as they believe they will not suffer for the consequences of their actions
because they believe they are acting on behalf of their agent

Answer 72

A

Milgram observed that many pps wanted to stop howvever they seemed powerless to do so
in which he wondered why they remained in agentic state ( because of binding factors)
means different aspects of situation allows person to ignore or minimise the damaging effects of their actions and behaviour
therefore this reduces moral strain
eg shifting responsibility

moral strain=when you have to do something you believe to be immoral in order to function as an agent of authority and benefit the society.

Answer 73

A

legitimacey of an authority figure is judged according to an agreed social hierarchy in society/ how credible they are
morally good/right(legally based or law abiding)
which explains why we obey instructions we are given
eg security gaurds,police,teachers,&experimentor in milgrams research(expert authority all knowledgeable&resposible

Answer 74

A

when some people are granted the power to punish people
individuals are more wiling to give up some independance (give up our freedom to the people we trust who excerisie their authority properly)

Answer 75

A

when legitimacy of authority becomes destructive
for example powerful leaders who take advantage of their power Hitler,Stalin.Polpot
odering people to behave in cruel&dangerous ways
shown in milgrams study when experimentor used prods eg u must carry on or there will be consequences

Answer 76

A

Blass&Schmitt 2001
They asked observers to explain who they thought was responsible for the harm caused to the learner in Milgram’s study.
Most thought the experimenter was responsible, so supporting the agentic state explanation.
suggests pps felt they were no longer responsible for behaviour& acted as experimentors agent

Answer 77

A

evidence in Hofling et al’s field experiment (1966).
Evidence: Nurses were asked to give patients double the recommended dose of a drug over the phone by a doctor (the researcher)
21/22 instructions were obeyed, YET with no evidence of anxiety
nurses shouldve experienced anxiety as they klnew actions were destructive
causing moral strain

Answer 78

A

agentic shift doesnt explain why some pps in study didnt obey
as in theory if they were all in agentic state they would all obey
& cannot explain obedience overlong periods of time eg Nazi Germany

Answer 79

A

useful cross cultural replication of milgrams experiment where obedience rate were consistent among across several western societies(america)
yet Australia was very different, with top-voltage obedience rates of 16% only.
suggesting australian culture questions authority more.impacting entitlement for authority fugures to demand power
reflecting how different societies how differnet societies are stricted and how children are raised to percieve authority figures.

Answer 80

A

eg nurse experiment
some people may be more or less obedient than others
we may have tendicies that infulence our behaviour then legitimacey of authority figure.

Answer 81

A

kilham&Mann put forward the My Lai Massacres whereby thousands of american soldiers went through vietnamese villages&murdered civillians
which can be explained through agent state theory soldiers simply obeying orders from generals therefore their resposibility shifted to authoritive figure lacking moral strain
authority was legitimate due to their high position within armys social hierarchy ranks
therefore both theories are valid ecplanations for obedience

Answer 82

A

internal explanation i.e personality factors/individual reasons why someone obeys

Answer 83

A

Adorno et al 1950 wanted to understand this anti sementic mindset for holocaust
he drew very different conclusions to Milgram
believed high level of obedience was basically a psycological disorder (pathological)
causes disorder to lie in personality of individual rather than situation
which is why its dispositional

Answer 84

A

very obedient to authority
submissive
concsious of status
overly traditional, conventional

Answer 85

A

people with authoritarian personality trait are more likely to obey
they show extreme respect for authority&are submissive
some view society as weaker than it wa stherefore, we need strong&powerful leaders to enforce traditional values eg love for family&country
they believe everything is either right or wrong
*

Answer 86

A

Adorno believed in psychodynamic approach
therefore, he believed that it formed from childhood due to harsh parenting
strict disipline,expectation of loyalty&high expectations
only give conditional love if child achieves something therefore they lack unconditional love
displace feelings of fear or anger as they couldnt express it to parents onto “inferiror” othersknown as scapegoating)
more likely to target people who seem “weak” eg minority groups

known as reaction formation and is often seen in current politics

Answer 87

A

studied more than 2000 middle class white americans & their unconsous attitudes towards other ethnic groups
measured through F scale (potential for facism scale) to see authoritarian personality.

facism-An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.

Answer 88

A

people with authoritarian leanings scored high on the F scale
conscious of status,showing extereme respect to those of higher status
these traits are the basis of obedience
also found people had a cognitive style of thinking meaning they had fixed&distinctive steryotypes about other groups eg black&white thinking

Answer 89

A

suggested by greenstein scale is susceptible to acquiscence bias
therefore,findings produced lack validity&reliability as its not peoples true beliefs
also shows social desireablity bias people present themselves in a favourable fashion

acquiscence bias-individuals are likely to agree with something regardless of how they actually feel.

Answer 90

A

according to Christie&Jahoda
measures likenesss to an individual&facism(far right on political scale)
but left wing authoritarianism is also present eg bolshevism(communism)
therefore,this suggests facist like views can be found across the whole spectrum left&right which authoritarian personality does not account for

Answer 91

A

cannot explain real life examples of mass obedience
eg unlikely that whole of german population has authoritarian personality
may have displaced fear about future onto “inferior” groups of people & used them as scapegoats
there theory is limited for some examples of obedience

Answer 92

A

evidence from milgrams study supports it
1966 Elms&Milgram interviewed small sample of people who participated in original study&been fullt obedient
had to complete F scale
**20 obedient pps scored significantly higher on F scale then other 20 disobedient pps **
this supports the theory

counterpoint-researchers analysed subscales on f scale found that obedient pps had characteristics that were unusual for authoritarians
* didnt experiencce unusual levels of punishment from childhoodlink between obedience and authoritarianism is complex

Answer 93

A

ability to withstand the social pressures to conform to the majority or obey authority
influenced by both situational&dispositional factors

Answer 94

A

measurement of an individuals sense of control over their lives
internal(more control)________external(less control)
internal locus of control- caused by their own efforts and personal descions
external locus of control-behaviour caused by fate or luck
it varys on your position on scale low internal&external lie inbetween.

Answer 95

A

control&obey less-because they take responsibility for their own actions and see themselves having more control than external locus of control
make descions based on their own moral code
more likely to be leaders not followers

“i won this award because i worked hard for it”

Answer 96

A

believe that majority of their life events are beyond control meaning they act on behalf of another(agent)
particularly susceptible towards obedience

“i won this award because it was meant to be-my destiny”

Answer 97

A

*Atgis 1998 conducted meta analysis of studies considering locus of control&likelyness to conform
* found that people who scored highest on enternal locus were more easily persuaded&more likely to conforrm
* therefore external locus of control leads to greater rate of conformity

Answer 98

A

not all research supports the link between LOC&resistence
Twenge et al analysed data from american locus of control
over 40 year period
data showed over the time span people become more resisant to obedience&more external
therefore we shouldexpect people to become more internal if they become more resistant.

Answer 99

A

Gamson et al 1982 found higher levels of resistance in study than Milgram
because Gamsons study was in groups
29/33 (88%) rebelled
which highlightssocial support is linked to greater resistance

Answer 100

A

can be reduced if another person is seent to disobey
seen in Milgrams study obedience dropped from 65% to 10% when pp was joined by disobedient confederate
they act as a model for pp

Answer 101

A

pressure can be reduced if there are other people present that are not conforming
proven in Aschs study someone else not following majority enables person to be free to follow their own conscience
(doesnt have to be right)

Answer 102

A

** supports the role of dissenting peers in resisting conformity
* Allen&Levine 1971- when dissenter involved conformity dropped
* even when dissenter in aschs study wore thick glasses and said he had difficulty with vision.
* supports thst social support encourages someone to be free from the pressure of the group

Answer 103

A

form of social influence in which a minority persuades others to adopt their beliefs and behaviour of other people
minority&majority influence involve different cognitive processes

Answer 104

A

most likely leads to internalisation
form of conformity where public behaviour and private beliefs are changed by the process

Answer 105

A

to observe how minorities can influence a majority

Answer 106

A

lab experiment
pps were in a groupwith 2 confederates(minority)
and 4 pps (majority)
everyone was shown 36 blue slides
each with a different shade of blue
confederates-deliberetly said there were gtreen on 2/3 of trials producing a consistent minority view
number of times pps reported slide was green was observed

control group used consisting real pps only without confederstes

Answer 107

A

when confederates wereconsistent with answers 8% of pps said slides were green
when confederates answered inconsistently 1% of pps said they were green
thus highlights that consistency crucial for minority to exert maximum influence on majority

Answer 108

A

consistency
commitment
flexibility

Answer 109

A

overtime consistency will increase amount of interest from other people
may be an agreement in a group eg(synchronic consistency all say same thing
or (diachronic consistency) saying same thing over time
leads to people rethinking their own views

Answer 110

A

consistency between its members – all members agree and back each other up

Answer 111

A

consistency over time – the majority sticks to its guns, doesn’t modify its views

Answer 112

A

when minority influence demonstrates dedication to their position
eg making personal sacrifices
sometimes they engage in extreme activities to draw attention to their views
eg Emily davidson running into race track for womens rights&suffergete movement
majority view will ppay more attention (argumentation principle)

argumentation principle-process of justifying beliefs with the aims to influence others.

Answer 113

A

Nemeth 1986 argued consistency may be interpreted negatively if constantly repeated with same arguments&behaviours
members of minority need to be prepared to adapt points of their view&accept reasonable counter arguments
accepting possibilty of a comprimise

Answer 114

A

called the snowball effect
when minority view turns into majority view

Answer 115

A

the three factors
(consistincy,flexibility&commitment)
cause majority to think more deeply about the issue
overtime they will switch frommajority to minority
when they have become “converted”
lnown as snowball effectbecause gradually minority view will become majority view

Answer 116

A

wood et al 1994 used meta-analysis(combination of the results of multiple studies)
found that over 100 studies being consistent was most influential
*suggests that presenting a consistent view is a minimum requirement for a minority trying to influence a majority.
*

Answer 117

A

there is a greater degree of internalisation of a minority view, compared to a majority view.
one group heard the opinion of a minority group whilst the second group heard the opinion of a majority group.
*After both groups were exposed they were **significantly less likely to change their own views.
**
*deeply processed and had a more enduring effect, supporting *

Answer 118

A

tasks involved, such as identifying the colour of a slide, are artificial
don’t reflect how minorities attempt to change the behaviour of majorities in real life,
*e.g. jury decision making, political campaigning *
therefor lacks external validity ecological validity
results can be geralised is limited.

Answer 119

A

when whole societies rather than individuals adopt a new attitude,beliefs&ways of doing things
eg womens sufferage,gay rights,environmental issues,attutude towards smoking.

Answer 120

A

drawing attention
consistincy
deeper processing
augumentation principle
snowball effect
social cryptomnesia

Answer 121

A

draw attention towards issue
eg inequality for women=starts to protest

Answer 122

A

displaying consistincy&intent
eg suffergete movement formed more people joined

Answer 123

A

attention meant people began to think about issue&significance of it
eg people started to question whether women should gain votes

Answer 124

A

number of incidints where people risked lives
engaging in extreme behaviours to activley challenge issue
& demonstrate commitment
egwomen became more violate acting through hungerstrikes&fighting on streets

Answer 125

A

the tipping point
switching minority to majority viewpoint
eg government started to acknowledge the movement&rights for women

Answer 126

A

egeveryone knows women were given rights to vote but they dont know the process or different stages

Answer 127

A

Environmental and health campaigns often use conformity processes
appealing to normative social influence and by providing information on what other people are doing
Such as, advertising recycling by showing others doing it correctly.

Answer 128

A

disagrees with the view that minority influences cause individuals to think more deeply about an issue.
*if the majority believes something different, then we are forced to think about their arguments and reasoning.
*causes lack of validity in moscovicis theory

Answer 129

A

claims social change is due to the type of thinking that minorities inspire
type of thinking is broad rather than narrow, in which the thinker actively searches for information and weighs up more options.
eg it takes decades for attitudes to change eg drunk driving&smoking

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social influence Flashcards

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