social influence

Question 1

what is social support

Answer 1

a ally who supports your decision, allows an individual to behave independently and of their own beliefs

Question 2

kelman

Answer 2

identified three types of conformity

identification

internalisation

compliance

Question 3

three types of conformity

Answer 3

Kelman

identification - identify with group because we value their likes/ tastes

compliance - comply - we are concerned for social acceptance

internalisation - behaviour is something that aligns with internal beliefs

Question 4

Deutsch and Gerard

Answer 4

informational social influence - the matter of being right in a situation. COGNITIVE

normative social influence - the matter of being socially accepted and perceive the social norms and act in a way that is acceptable within social group. EMOTIONAL

Question 5

ISI

Answer 5

Deutsch and Gerard

who has the better information - leads to internalisation, happens in situations where there is AMBIGUITY

Question 6

NSI

Answer 6

Deutsch and Gerard

fear of rejection, perceiving the social norms of a certain social group and act accordingly so not to be judged

emotional process

Question 7

research support for NSI

Answer 7

Asch interviewed participants - they conformed out of fear + feeling self - conscious for the answer

when participants WROTE answer, conformity decreased by 12.5%

shows NSI - fear of being rejected

Question 8

research support for ISI

Answer 8

LUCAS ET AL - conformity is more when math problems became increasingly difficult

participants turned to others answers when they felt like someone had more expertise.

they did NOT want to be wrong, so they relied on others answers

Question 9

COUNTERPOINT - LUCAS ET AL

Answer 9

unclear if NSI and ISI and distinct or work together at the same time

Asch found conformity decreased when there’s a dissenter (SOCIAL SUPPORT)
or because they provide an alternative source of reliable info.

hard to separate - they work together

Question 10

individual differences in NSI - LIMITATION

Answer 10

does NOT predict conformity in different cases e.g. - ethnic minorities may have diff CULTURE

some people are naffiliators more than others (McGhee and Tevan)

Question 11

McGhee and Tevan

Answer 11

naffiliators - people who are more concerned with social imagine - want to relate more to other people

Question 11

real- life application of conformity (ADVANTAGE)

Answer 11

Schultz - able to change behaviour of hotel guests by using posters emphasising to save energy

Question 12

Zimbardo Stanford prison experiment

Answer 12

aim - do people have sadistic personalities or are prison guards conforming to a social role

SPE - 21 male students ( has psychological evaluation)

roles randomly assigned, and were given attributes of their social role to emphasise conformity (number not name, reflective sunglasses)

Question 13

loss of personal identity

Answer 13

de - individuation - more likely to conform to social role

Question 14

Findings of the Stanford Prison Experiment

Answer 14

guards - enthusiastically conformed to the role of brutality, ripped their clothes and swore at them, remind of powerlessness
prisoners - RETALIATED INITIALLLY
after rebellion, they subdued and were depressed + anxious = psychological disturbance

3 were released + one went on hunger strike

exp ended after 6 days instead of the intended 2 weeks.

Question 15

evaluation of the SPE (control)

Answer 15

strength
zimbardo + colleagues had control over key variables

randomly assigned the roles , psycholigcal evaluation proving that their mind did not effect but social roles had the effect

increases INTERNAL VALIDITY - drawing more accurate conclusions

Question 16

evaluation of the PSE (lack of realism)

Answer 16

limitation
the SPE does NOT tell us about conformity to social roles in a REAL prison

MOHAEVDI + BANUAZIZI - prisoners acted on their own notions of what they believed the social role to be. one prisoners based their behaviour on a movie (cool hand Luke)

more exaggerated + artificial behaviour

Question 17

evaluation of the SPE COUNTERPOINT (lack of realism)

Answer 17

McDermott - prisoners did behave as if it was real to them
90% of conversations were about prison life , discussed impossible to leave before sentence was over

prisoner 416 - he believed the prison was run by gov, not psychologists

Question 18

evaluation of the SPE exaggerating the power of roles

Answer 18

limitation
Fromm - Zimbardo may have exaggerated the power of social roles

many guards treated the prisoners fairly. 1/3 actually treated them unfairly, rest actively helped (giving cigarettes)

most guards were able to resist conforming to a social role

DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS MAY HAVE INFLUENCED - PERSONALITY

Question 19

ABU GHRAIB

Answer 19

prison United States Army Military Police Personnel committed serious human rights violations against Iraqi prisoners in Baghdad.

torture, physical, sexual abuse, humiliation, murder

zimbardo noticed some similarities between the behaviours of both prisons

Question 20

mother and father social roles

Answer 20

psychologist - observational study of mothers and fathers

mothers acted nurturing + fathers more aggressive

Question 21

mock psychiatric ward

Answer 21

Orlando - social roles of patient and doctor

patients experienced symptoms of psychological disturbance, crying uncontrollably

patients began to lose their own identity

Question 22

Milgram - obedience (BASELINE PROCEDURE)

Answer 22

40 American men volunteered at YALE uni. exp was memory test…

drew lots to see who would be T, L OR E
participant was always the teacher
experimenter was COFEDERATE

teacher could not see could not see the participant, only hear. teacher delivered electric shock every time learner made mistake

14 - 450 VOLTS (fake but labelled with warnings that applied to voltage)

Question 23

representativeness of SPE

Answer 23

cultural differences - e.g collectivism - more resistant to showing brutality and acted more independently

Question 24

Milgram's research - BASELINE FINDINGS

Answer 24

100% participant went to 300 volts 12.5% stopped at 300 volts (intense shock) 65% went all the way to 450 volts qualitative data - trembling, shaking, seizures, dig nails into hand

Question 25

psychology students predictions

Answer 25

no more than 3% would go on to 450 volts

Question 26

debrief

Answer 26

84% were glad to have participated

Question 27

what were the 4 prods

Answer 27

prod 1 - please continue prod 2 - the experiment requires you to continue prod 3 - it is absolutely essential that you continue prod 4 - you have no other choice, you must go on

Question 28

evaluation of Milgram's research - research support

Answer 28

strength replicated in French documentary. pilot episode dedicated to a game for contestants - GAME OF DEATH ordered to give fake electric shocks to other participants (actors) 80% went to the maximum voltage to unconscious man behaviour was identical to those in Milgram's study

Question 29

evaluation of Milgram's study - low internal validity

Answer 29

limitation only 75% of participants believed that shocks were rea; Orne + Holland - participants behaved as they did as they did not believe the set up - play acting perry - participants were only responding to demand characteristics to fulfill the nature of the study

Question 30

evaluation of Milgram's study - COUNTERPOINT OF LOW INTERNAL VALIDITY

Answer 30

Sheridan and King conducted study with procedure like Milgram's - gave REAL shocks to puppy - despite animals distress, 54% male participants, 100% female participants delivered fatal shocks

Question 31

evaluation of Milgram's experiment - alternative interpretation of findings

Answer 31

limitation participants obeyed for the first three prods, however for the 4th prod they DISPBEYED only when then identified with the scientific aims of research, but when experimenter required for it, they did not want to obey an authority figure social identity theory - is the reason why they complied

Question 32

evaluation of Milgram's research - ethics

Answer 32

deception psychological harm to participants however he did debrief - 84% were glad to have participated

Question 33

what are all the situational variables for Milgram's study

Answer 33

change of independent variable - proximity - location - uniform

Question 34

proximity and the effects of obedience

Answer 34

- teacher and learner in the same room dropped from 65% to 40% - teacher forced the participants hand onto the electroshock plate - obedience dropped to 30% - experimenter left room and gave instruction by phone - dropped to 20%

Question 35

location and the effects on obedience

Answer 35

rundown office - obedience dropped to 47.5% no prestigious university environment gave legitimacy and authority, meant that obedience was expected however it was still high in run down office due to scientific nature of procedure

Question 36

uniform and the effects on obedience

Answer 36

experimenter - by member of the public - 20% society associates a profession with authority and legitimacy, have right to expect authority

Question 37

evaluation of situational variables - research support

Answer 37

strength field experiment in New York City. BICKMAN had 3 confederates dress in diff outfits, milkman, suit, security guard. they asked public to pick up rubbish x2 more likely to obey the security guard than the one in suit

Question 38

evaluation of situational variables - cross - cultural replications

Answer 38

strength they have been replicated in diff cultures MEEUS + RAAIJMAKERS - participants were ordered to say stressful things in a job interview to confederate 90% participants obeyed orders, when person giving orders is not present obedience dropped - not just limited to males but also females

Question 39

evaluation of dispositional variables COUNTERPOINT of cross - cultural variables

Answer 39

SMITH AND BOND - studies in non western countries Indian and Jordan - they have diff notions about authority

Question 40

evaluation of situational variables - low internal validity

Answer 40

may have figured the truth and deception, not measuring accurately the effect of situational variable on obedience - responded to DEMAND CHRACTERISTICS INSTEAD

Question 41

what was Milgram's interest in obedience

Answer 41

war crimes - Nazi concentration camps

Question 42

what is the autonomous state

Answer 42

state of independence and free to behave according to their own principles responsibility for own actions

Question 43

agentic shift

Answer 43

shift from autonomous state to agentic state when an authoritarian figure is perceived higher in social hierarchy

Question 44

agentic state

Answer 44

the state of behaving for an authority and not being free act to act according to own principles they do not have responsibility of own actions

Question 45

binding factors

Answer 45

situational factors that may minimise the damaging effect of their obedient behaviour reduce moral strain

Question 46

what does legitimacy of authority allow authoritarian figures to do

Answer 46

allowed to punish others + give consequences of actions e.g police and the court for justice we learn this from childhood from our parents and teachers and adults

Question 47

what is destructive authority

Answer 47

when authority figures exercise their power and order people to do destructive acts - cruel + dangerous e.g experimenter used prods to order the teacher to continue

Question 48

explanation of Mai Lai 1968 War Crime

Answer 48

504 unarmed Civilians killed by American soldiers women - gang raped, people shot in their homes, blew up homes, Lt William Calley - explanation is that he was simply just following orders

Question 49

evaluation of situational variables - research support

Answer 49

strength Milgram's own studies support the agentic state teachers often asked the experimenter who will be responsible if the learner is harmed? when experimenter said "im responsible" they went on with no question they are acting out the duty of authority figure

Question 50

evaluation of the agentic shift - a limited explanation

Answer 50

agentic shift does not explain other research findings about obedience Rank + Jacobson found 16 out of 18 nurses disobeyed orders from doctor to administer excessive drug dosage agentic shift only accounts for some obedient situations

Question 51

Mandel: incident of cruelty without orders

Answer 51

Second World War - German soldiers shot many civilians in Poland, despite not having been assigned the duties they behaved autonomously

Question 52

evaluation of the situational explanation - explains cultural differences

Answer 52

strength research shows that diff cultures show obedience to a diff degree KILHAM + MANN - only 16% Australian Female participants went all the way to 450 volts, however MANTELL- found 85% it is based on different societies legitimisation of authority and how children are raised to see authority figures

Question 53

evaluation of situational explanations - cannot explain all disobedience

Answer 53

cannot explain disobedience in a place where social hierarchies are diff e.g RANK AND JACOBSON found that 16 out of 18 nurses were disobedient to giving high drug dosage this may be due to dispositional variables

Question 54

what is the authoritarian personality

Answer 54

show an extreme respect for authority and believe society is weaker than it was and so we need strong + powerful leaders to enforce traditional views.

Question 55

who created the authoritarian personality

Answer 55

ADORDNO ET AL

Question 56

where does the authoritarian personality originate from according to ADORNO ET AL

Answer 56

originates from childhood those with harsh parents with strict discipline , high standards and severe criticism - parents give conditional love fear of punishment is deeply ingrained into their minds - psychodynamic explanation

Question 57

Adorno et al research - procedure

Answer 57

studied more than 2000 middle class white Americans + their unconscious attitudes to other racial groups measured using F - scale

Question 58

findings of Adorno et al research

Answer 58

those who scored high on the F - scale identified with the strong + contemptuous of the weak they were conscious of their status and showed extreme respect to authority

Question 59

evaluation of Adorno et al - research support COUNTERPOINT???

Answer 59

strength Milgram and Elms interviewed 2 groups - the disobedient + obedient they did the f - scale on them and found a correlation in obedience and an authoritarian personality therefore this can explain obedience the f - scale subscales were analysed, they found that the obedient participants had characteristics unusual for authoritarians e.g. not glorifying fathers, and harsh discipline and heavily criticised.

Question 60

evaluation of the dispositional explanation - limited explanation

Answer 60

limitation how can there be wide spread obedience in Nazi Germany, despite the fact that they must have differed in their personalities Germans must have identified with the racism therefore the SOCIAL IDENTITIY THEORY is an alternative, more realistic approach

Question 61

evaluation of the F - scale - political bias

Answer 61

only measures the political ideology of the right wing Christie and Jahoda - it only measures obedience in people who are extreme right wing, not left wing ignore the different political ideologies and the left wing also place importance of full obedience to authority

Question 62

evaluation of the F - scale - FLAWED EVIDENCE

Answer 62

Greenstein - the f -scale is not accurate, answering agree only will get an authoritarian response

Question 63

what are the factors causing resistance to social influence

Answer 63

- social support - locus of control

Question 64

how does social support lead to resisting obedience

Answer 64

Milgram - obedience dropped from 65#5 to 10% when participant was joint by disobedient confederate then he was allowed to act from his own conscience

Question 65

who developed the locus of control

Answer 65

rotter

Question 66

what is locus of control how does it lead to resistance to social influence

Answer 66

internal locus of control - you achieve because you worked for it external locus of control - failing was from the environment not to them people with high internal locus if control see more responsibility for their actions, their beliefs are on their own opinions, not from others around them

Question 67

evaluation of social support - real - world research

Answer 67

strength ALBRECHT - Teen Fresh Start - USA an 8 week programme to help adolescents to stop smoking. at the end they got social support from a "buddy" those who did not have a buddy were more likely to smoke again.

Question 68

evaluation of social support - research support for dissenting peer

Answer 68

Gamson et al - participants were told to produce a smear campaign of a oil company in groups because they were in groups they also had peer social support to discuss things 29/33 groups rebelled to orders