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social influence Flashcards

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1
Q

what is social support

A

a ally who supports your decision, allows an individual to behave independently and of their own beliefs

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2
Q

kelman

A

identified three types of conformity

identification

internalisation

compliance

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3
Q

three types of conformity

A

Kelman

identification - identify with group because we value their likes/ tastes

compliance - comply - we are concerned for social acceptance

internalisation - behaviour is something that aligns with internal beliefs

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4
Q

Deutsch and Gerard

A

informational social influence - the matter of being right in a situation. COGNITIVE

normative social influence - the matter of being socially accepted and perceive the social norms and act in a way that is acceptable within social group. EMOTIONAL

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5
Q

ISI

A

Deutsch and Gerard

who has the better information - leads to internalisation, happens in situations where there is AMBIGUITY

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6
Q

NSI

A

Deutsch and Gerard

fear of rejection, perceiving the social norms of a certain social group and act accordingly so not to be judged

emotional process

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7
Q

research support for NSI

A

Asch interviewed participants - they conformed out of fear + feeling self - conscious for the answer

when participants WROTE answer, conformity decreased by 12.5%

shows NSI - fear of being rejected

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8
Q

research support for ISI

A

LUCAS ET AL - conformity is more when math problems became increasingly difficult

participants turned to others answers when they felt like someone had more expertise.

they did NOT want to be wrong, so they relied on others answers

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9
Q

COUNTERPOINT - LUCAS ET AL

A

unclear if NSI and ISI and distinct or work together at the same time

Asch found conformity decreased when there’s a dissenter (SOCIAL SUPPORT)
or because they provide an alternative source of reliable info.

hard to separate - they work together

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10
Q

individual differences in NSI - LIMITATION

A

does NOT predict conformity in different cases e.g. - ethnic minorities may have diff CULTURE

some people are naffiliators more than others (McGhee and Tevan)

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11
Q

McGhee and Tevan

A

naffiliators - people who are more concerned with social imagine - want to relate more to other people

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11
Q

real- life application of conformity (ADVANTAGE)

A

Schultz - able to change behaviour of hotel guests by using posters emphasising to save energy

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12
Q

Zimbardo Stanford prison experiment

A

aim - do people have sadistic personalities or are prison guards conforming to a social role

SPE - 21 male students ( has psychological evaluation)

roles randomly assigned, and were given attributes of their social role to emphasise conformity (number not name, reflective sunglasses)

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13
Q

loss of personal identity

A

de - individuation - more likely to conform to social role

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14
Q

Findings of the Stanford Prison Experiment

A

guards - enthusiastically conformed to the role of brutality, ripped their clothes and swore at them, remind of powerlessness
prisoners - RETALIATED INITIALLLY
after rebellion, they subdued and were depressed + anxious = psychological disturbance

3 were released + one went on hunger strike

exp ended after 6 days instead of the intended 2 weeks.

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15
Q

evaluation of the SPE (control)

A

strength
zimbardo + colleagues had control over key variables

randomly assigned the roles , psycholigcal evaluation proving that their mind did not effect but social roles had the effect

increases INTERNAL VALIDITY - drawing more accurate conclusions

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16
Q

evaluation of the PSE (lack of realism)

A

limitation
the SPE does NOT tell us about conformity to social roles in a REAL prison

MOHAEVDI + BANUAZIZI - prisoners acted on their own notions of what they believed the social role to be. one prisoners based their behaviour on a movie (cool hand Luke)

more exaggerated + artificial behaviour

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17
Q

evaluation of the SPE COUNTERPOINT (lack of realism)

A

McDermott - prisoners did behave as if it was real to them
90% of conversations were about prison life , discussed impossible to leave before sentence was over

prisoner 416 - he believed the prison was run by gov, not psychologists

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18
Q

evaluation of the SPE exaggerating the power of roles

A

limitation
Fromm - Zimbardo may have exaggerated the power of social roles

many guards treated the prisoners fairly. 1/3 actually treated them unfairly, rest actively helped (giving cigarettes)

most guards were able to resist conforming to a social role

DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS MAY HAVE INFLUENCED - PERSONALITY

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19
Q

ABU GHRAIB

A

prison United States Army Military Police Personnel committed serious human rights violations against Iraqi prisoners in Baghdad.

torture, physical, sexual abuse, humiliation, murder

zimbardo noticed some similarities between the behaviours of both prisons

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20
Q

mother and father social roles

A

psychologist - observational study of mothers and fathers

mothers acted nurturing + fathers more aggressive

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21
Q

mock psychiatric ward

A

Orlando - social roles of patient and doctor

patients experienced symptoms of psychological disturbance, crying uncontrollably

patients began to lose their own identity

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22
Q

Milgram - obedience (BASELINE PROCEDURE)

A

40 American men volunteered at YALE uni. exp was memory test…

drew lots to see who would be T, L OR E
participant was always the teacher
experimenter was COFEDERATE

teacher could not see could not see the participant, only hear. teacher delivered electric shock every time learner made mistake

14 - 450 VOLTS (fake but labelled with warnings that applied to voltage)

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23
Q

representativeness of SPE

A

cultural differences - e.g collectivism - more resistant to showing brutality and acted more independently

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24
Q

Milgram’s research - BASELINE FINDINGS

A

100% participant went to 300 volts

12.5% stopped at 300 volts (intense shock)

65% went all the way to 450 volts

qualitative data - trembling, shaking, seizures, dig nails into hand

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25
Q

psychology students predictions

A

no more than 3% would go on to 450 volts

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26
Q

debrief

A

84% were glad to have participated

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27
Q

what were the 4 prods

A

prod 1 - please continue

prod 2 - the experiment requires you to continue

prod 3 - it is absolutely essential that you continue

prod 4 - you have no other choice, you must go on

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28
Q

evaluation of Milgram’s research - research support

A

strength
replicated in French documentary.

pilot episode dedicated to a game for contestants - GAME OF DEATH

ordered to give fake electric shocks to other participants (actors)
80% went to the maximum voltage to unconscious man

behaviour was identical to those in Milgram’s study

29
Q

evaluation of Milgram’s study - low internal validity

A

limitation
only 75% of participants believed that shocks were rea;

Orne + Holland - participants behaved as they did as they did not believe the set up - play acting

perry - participants were only responding to demand characteristics to fulfill the nature of the study

30
Q

evaluation of Milgram’s study - COUNTERPOINT OF LOW INTERNAL VALIDITY

A

Sheridan and King
conducted study with procedure like Milgram’s - gave REAL shocks to puppy - despite animals distress, 54% male participants, 100% female participants delivered fatal shocks

31
Q

evaluation of Milgram’s experiment - alternative interpretation of findings

A

limitation
participants obeyed for the first three prods, however for the 4th prod they DISPBEYED
only when then identified with the scientific aims of research, but when experimenter required for it, they did not want to obey an authority figure

social identity theory - is the reason why they complied

32
Q

evaluation of Milgram’s research - ethics

A

deception

psychological harm to participants

however he did debrief - 84% were glad to have participated

33
Q

what are all the situational variables for Milgram’s study

A

change of independent variable

  • proximity
  • location
  • uniform
34
Q

proximity and the effects of obedience

A
  • teacher and learner in the same room dropped from 65% to 40%
  • teacher forced the participants hand onto the electroshock plate - obedience dropped to 30%
  • experimenter left room and gave instruction by phone - dropped to 20%
35
Q

location and the effects on obedience

A

rundown office - obedience dropped to 47.5%

no prestigious university environment gave legitimacy and authority, meant that obedience was expected
however it was still high in run down office due to scientific nature of procedure

36
Q

uniform and the effects on obedience

A

experimenter - by member of the public - 20%

society associates a profession with authority and legitimacy, have right to expect authority

37
Q

evaluation of situational variables - research support

A

strength
field experiment in New York City. BICKMAN had 3 confederates dress in diff outfits, milkman, suit, security guard. they asked public to pick up rubbish

x2 more likely to obey the security guard than the one in suit

38
Q

evaluation of situational variables - cross - cultural replications

A

strength
they have been replicated in diff cultures

MEEUS + RAAIJMAKERS - participants were ordered to say stressful things in a job interview to confederate

90% participants obeyed orders, when person giving orders is not present obedience dropped - not just limited to males but also females

39
Q

evaluation of dispositional variables COUNTERPOINT of cross - cultural variables

A

SMITH AND BOND -

studies in non western countries Indian and Jordan - they have diff notions about authority

40
Q

evaluation of situational variables - low internal validity

A

may have figured the truth and deception, not measuring accurately the effect of situational variable on obedience - responded to DEMAND CHRACTERISTICS INSTEAD

41
Q

what was Milgram’s interest in obedience

A

war crimes - Nazi concentration camps

42
Q

what is the autonomous state

A

state of independence and free to behave according to their own principles
responsibility for own actions

43
Q

agentic shift

A

shift from autonomous state to agentic state when an authoritarian figure is perceived higher in social hierarchy

44
Q

agentic state

A

the state of behaving for an authority and not being free act to act according to own principles

they do not have responsibility of own actions

45
Q

binding factors

A

situational factors that may minimise the damaging effect of their obedient behaviour

reduce moral strain

46
Q

what does legitimacy of authority allow authoritarian figures to do

A

allowed to punish others + give consequences of actions
e.g police and the court for justice

we learn this from childhood from our parents and teachers and adults

47
Q

what is destructive authority

A

when authority figures exercise their power and order people to do destructive acts - cruel + dangerous

e.g experimenter used prods to order the teacher to continue

48
Q

explanation of Mai Lai 1968 War Crime

A

504 unarmed Civilians killed by American soldiers
women - gang raped, people shot in their homes, blew up homes,

Lt William Calley - explanation is that he was simply just following orders

49
Q

evaluation of situational variables - research support

A

strength
Milgram’s own studies support the agentic state

teachers often asked the experimenter who will be responsible if the learner is harmed? when experimenter said “im responsible” they went on with no question

they are acting out the duty of authority figure

50
Q

evaluation of the agentic shift - a limited explanation

A

agentic shift does not explain other research findings about obedience

Rank + Jacobson found 16 out of 18 nurses disobeyed orders from doctor to administer excessive drug dosage

agentic shift only accounts for some obedient situations

51
Q

Mandel: incident of cruelty without orders

A

Second World War - German soldiers shot many civilians in Poland, despite not having been assigned the duties

they behaved autonomously

52
Q

evaluation of the situational explanation - explains cultural differences

A

strength
research shows that diff cultures show obedience to a diff degree

KILHAM + MANN - only 16% Australian Female participants went all the way to 450 volts, however MANTELL- found 85%

it is based on different societies legitimisation of authority and how children are raised to see authority figures

53
Q

evaluation of situational explanations - cannot explain all disobedience

A

cannot explain disobedience in a place where social hierarchies are diff

e.g RANK AND JACOBSON found that 16 out of 18 nurses were disobedient to giving high drug dosage

this may be due to dispositional variables

54
Q

what is the authoritarian personality

A

show an extreme respect for authority and believe society is weaker than it was and so we need strong + powerful leaders to enforce traditional views.

55
Q

who created the authoritarian personality

A

ADORDNO ET AL

56
Q

where does the authoritarian personality originate from according to ADORNO ET AL

A

originates from childhood

those with harsh parents with strict discipline , high standards and severe criticism - parents give conditional love

fear of punishment is deeply ingrained into their minds - psychodynamic explanation

57
Q

Adorno et al research - procedure

A

studied more than 2000 middle class white Americans + their unconscious attitudes to other racial groups

measured using F - scale

58
Q

findings of Adorno et al research

A

those who scored high on the F - scale identified with the strong + contemptuous of the weak
they were conscious of their status and showed extreme respect to authority

59
Q

evaluation of Adorno et al - research support

COUNTERPOINT???

A

strength
Milgram and Elms interviewed 2 groups - the disobedient + obedient
they did the f - scale on them and found a correlation in obedience and an authoritarian personality

therefore this can explain obedience

the f - scale subscales were analysed, they found that the obedient participants had characteristics unusual for authoritarians
e.g. not glorifying fathers, and harsh discipline and heavily criticised.

60
Q

evaluation of the dispositional explanation - limited explanation

A

limitation
how can there be wide spread obedience in Nazi Germany, despite the fact that they must have differed in their personalities

Germans must have identified with the racism therefore the SOCIAL IDENTITIY THEORY is an alternative, more realistic approach

61
Q

evaluation of the F - scale - political bias

A

only measures the political ideology of the right wing

Christie and Jahoda - it only measures obedience in people who are extreme right wing, not left wing
ignore the different political ideologies and the left wing also place importance of full obedience to authority

62
Q

evaluation of the F - scale - FLAWED EVIDENCE

A

Greenstein - the f -scale is not accurate, answering agree only will get an authoritarian response

63
Q

what are the factors causing resistance to social influence

A
  • social support
  • locus of control
64
Q

how does social support lead to resisting obedience

A

Milgram - obedience dropped from 65#5 to 10% when participant was joint by disobedient confederate

then he was allowed to act from his own conscience

65
Q

who developed the locus of control

A

rotter

66
Q

what is locus of control how does it lead to resistance to social influence

A

internal locus of control - you achieve because you worked for it

external locus of control - failing was from the environment not to them

people with high internal locus if control see more responsibility for their actions, their beliefs are on their own opinions, not from others around them

67
Q

evaluation of social support - real - world research

A

strength
ALBRECHT - Teen Fresh Start - USA an 8 week programme to help adolescents to stop smoking. at the end they got social support from a “buddy” those who did not have a buddy were more likely to smoke again.

68
Q

evaluation of social support - research support for dissenting peer

A

Gamson et al - participants were told to produce a smear campaign of a oil company in groups

because they were in groups they also had peer social support to discuss things
29/33 groups rebelled to orders

69
Q
A

psychology year 1 (6 decks)

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