Social Influence Flashcards
1
Q
What are the reasons for Conformity?
A
Normative Social Influence
Informational Social Influence
2
Q
What is Normative social influence?
A
A desire to be liked
3
Q
What is informational social influence?
A
A desire to be right
4
Q
What are the weaknesses of NSI?
A
- Individual differences
- people who care more about being liked are more affected by NSI
- The desire to be liked underlies conformity for some people more than others. One general theory doesn’t cover the fact there are differences
5
Q
What are the strengths of NSI?
A
Research Support
-Asch study
6
Q
What are the strengths of ISI?
A
Research support
-Lucas et al
7
Q
What are the weaknesses of ISI?
A
- Individual Differences
- asch found that students were less conformists than other participants
- people who are knowledgeable and/or more confident are less influenced by the apparent ‘right’ view
8
Q
Who came up with the reasons for conformity?
A
Deutch and Gerrard (1955)
9
Q
What are the types of conformity?
A
Internalisation
Identification
Compliance
10
Q
Who came up with the type of conformity?
A
Kellmans
11
Q
What is compliance?
A
Involves going along with others in public but privately not changing opinions or behaviour
12
Q
What is identification?
A
When we identify with a group that we value, we want to become part of it
13
Q
What is internalisation?
A
When a person genuinely accepts group norms. It results in private as well as public change of opinions
14
Q
What is one strength of Asch experiment?
A
Large sample size
15
Q
What is one weakness of the Asch study?
A
Andre enteric and Ethnocentric
16
Q
How many participants were in the Asch study?
A
123 male students
17
Q
What was the aim of the Asch study?
A
Conformity
18
Q
What conclusions from Asch study?
A
Most participants said they confirmed to avoid rejection and continued to privately trust their own opinions
19
Q
What are the findings of the Asch study?
A
The naive participants gave the wrong answer 36.8% of the time
25% of the participants never gave a wrong answer so 75% confirmed at least once
20
Q
What design was the Asch study?
A
Independent groups
21
Q
What are the variations of the Asch study?
A
- group size
- Unanimaty
- Task difficulty
22
Q
What was the procedure of Zimbardos study?
A
‘Prisoners’ were arrested and taken to ‘prison’ (blindfolded,strip searched,given a uniform and a number,and names were never used)
Prisoners had 16 rules to obey enforced by guards
Guards had their uniform. They were to,d they had complete power over prisoners.
23
Q
How many participants were in the Stanford prison experiment?
A
21 male students
24
Q
What design was the Stanford prison experiment?
A
Independent groups
25
What is one strength of the Stanford prison experiment ?
Researchers have control over variables and control increases internal validity
26
What is one weakness of the Stanford prison experiment?
Major ethical issues
| Lack of realism
27
What are the conclusions of the Stanford prison experiment?
- guards and prisoners all confirmed to their social roles
| - the more the guards identifies with their roles the more brutal and aggressive their behaviour became
28
What are the findings of the standford prison experiment?
- Within 2 days, the prisoners rebelled against their treatment.
- prisoners became anxious and depressed.
- Three prisoners were released due to breakdown
- one prisoner went on a hunger strike and were punished in the ‘hole’
29
How long did the stanford prison experiment last?
The study stopped after 6 days instead of 14 days
30
What was the procedure of the milligrams study?
- Participants were chosen at random
- ‘Learner’is strapped to a chair with electrodes
- After he has learned a list of word pairs given to him, the ‘teacher’ tests him by naming a word and asking the ‘ learner’ to recall the pair.
- If the learner gets it wrong, he gets an electric shock
31
Who were the participants in this study?
40 males.
- aged between 20 and 50
- job ranged from unskilled to professional
- from New Haven area
32
Who conducted the Milgram Study?
Stanley Milgram
33
What are the findings of the Milgram study?
65% of men were prepared to go to 450v
| All of the participants continued to 300v
34
What are the variations of the milgram study?
Milgram carried out 18 variation of this study. All he did was alter the situation to see how it would affect obedience
35
What are the weaknesses of this study?
Lacks internal validity
| Ethical issues
36
What are the strengths of the Milgram study?
Good external validity
| Replications have supported Milgram findings
37
What are the six guidelines of the ethical issues?
```
Protection of harm
Right to withdraw
Confidentiality
Debrief
Informed of any deception
Informed consent
```
38
What guidelines did Milgram ignore?
Protection of harm
Right to withdraw
Debrief on one case
Informed of any deception on one case
39
Who came up with the situational factors?
Bickman(1974)
40
What did bickman do?
Used 3 male actors dressed in normal clothes,milkman,and a security guard
They ask pupils to do tasks
The public were more likely to obey the actor as a security guard and less likely to obey normal clothes and milkmen
41
What are the situational variables?
Proximity
Location
Uniform
42
How does location affect obedience?
When the setting is more realistic to the authority figure
| Eg. Teacher in school has authority but teacher outside school doesn’t
43
How does proximity affect obedience?
If the authority figure is close by, you are more likely to obey than when they are not close by.
44
How does uniform affect obedience?
If someone wears a police uniform they seem to have more authority than a normal dressed person
45
What are the strengths of situational variables?
Research support
Milgram research has been replicated
Has control of variables
46
What are the weaknesses of situational variables?
May lack internal validity
| Milgram conclusion provide an obedience alibi
47
In Milgram study which situational factor had least effect?
Location
48
Which situational factor was the most effective in the Milgram study?
Uniform
49
What is legitimate authority?
Some people who have positions of authority because they have been entrusted by society with certain powers. Eg police
50
What is agentic state?
An age tic state occurs when we act on behalf of another person
51
What is an autonomous state?
Autonomy means to be independent,so a person in an autonomous state behalves according to their own principles
52
What are binding factors?
Are aspects of a situation that allows the person to ignore or minimise the damaging affect of the behaviour and reduce the moral strain they feel
53
What is agentic shift?
When we perceive someone else to be the authority figure
54
What is buffers?
Act to protect a person from the consequences of behaviour
55
What is gradual commitment?
Once the person has complied with small orders they find it difficult to refuse to carry out more escalating requests
56
Who conducted the authoritarian personality study?
Theodore Adorno
57
What was the authoritarian procedure?
```
Asked more than 2000 middle class white Americans to complete his study. They answered a series of questions including those linked to the F scale
The higher the F scale, more obedient you were
```
58
What are the findings of the authoritarian personality study?
People who scored high on the F scale identified with strong people and were contemptuous of the weak.
They were conscious of their own and others status and showed a blind respect to people with power
59
What are authoritarian people?
No fuzziness between categories of people and were driven by stereotypes and prejudice
60
What are the characteristics of authoritarian?
Hostile to those who are of inferior status but obedient of people with higher status
Stubborn with their opinions
Conventional,upholding traditional views
61
What makes an authoritarian personality?
Harsh parenting resulting is hostility however the child cannot express this against the parent.Therefore thy displace their anger against weaker targets
Grow up with a respect for authority
62
What is resistance to social influence?
Refers to the ability of people to withstand the social pressure to conform to the majority or to obey authority
63
What are the two explanations to resistance to social influence?
Locus of control
| Social support
64
What is locus of control?
The sense we have about what directs events in our lives
| There are two types: internal and external
65
What is external locus of control?
Believe that things happen without their own control
66
What is internal locus of control?
Believe that they are mostly responsible for what happens to them
People with LOC are more self confident and have higher intelligence, these personality traits lead to greater resistance to social influence
67
What is social support?
The presence of people who resist pressure to conform or obey can help others do the same. These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible
68
What is minority influence?
Form of social influence where a minority of people persuades the majority group to adopt their beliefs attitudes and behaviour
This leads to internalisation
69
What are examples of minority influence?
Women’s rights
| Gay rights
70
How does minority influence work?
Research suggests three main processes
Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility
71
What is consistency?
Where the minority views must be consistent in the opposition to the majority
There is diachronic and synchronic consistency
72
What is diachronic consistency
Where a person maintains a consistent position over time
73
What is synchronic consistency?
Where there is an agreement among members of the minority group.
74
What is commitment?
The minority is more powerful if they demonstrate their dedication to a cause eg through personal sacrifice
75
What is augmentation principal?
‘Self sacrifice’. If someone performs an action when they are known consequences, his or her motivation for acting are considered to be stronger- the will to act with consequences
76
What was moscovicis study?
Shown 36 blue blue slides with different in brightness in colour. Participants were seated last and they were asked to recall if it was blue of green
77
What is the consistent group in moscovicis study?
The two confederates seated before the participants always said green
78
What is the inconsistent group in moscovicis study?
Only 2/3 of the time two confederates seated before the participants said green
79
What is the control group in moscovicis study?
No confederates, participants simply said the colour
80
What were the findings in the moscovicis study?
The consistent condition produced most minority influence with 8.42% of the participants answering green. The inconsistent condition it was only 1.25% and in the control condition, only 0.25%
81
What is the conclusion of the moscovicis study?
The minority can influence the majority
82
What are the evaluations for moscovicis study?
Lacks ecological validity
| Biased sample
83
What is flexibility?
Being completely consistent all the time may actually give them the impression that the minority is rigid and unbending which is undesirable. Members of the minority group need to be prepared to amend their view and accept reasonable counter argument
84
What is the snowball effect?
The majority is influenced by the minority gradually through the three factors. The more people that converted the faster rate if conversion
85
What is social cryptomnesia?
The cause of the change is forgotten and the majority whilst aware a change has happened, cannot accurately pinpoint the reason
86
When does social change occur?
When a whole society adopts a new belief or behaviour which then becomes widely accepted as a ‘norm’
87
How does social change happen through NSI?
Supporting a football team because everyone else does
| Drinking at a party because others are
88
How does social change happen through ISI?
Copying friends in a test
| Following a group of people to lesson on your first day
89
How does social change happen through minority influence?
Civil rights movement
| Women’s rights
