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Psychology-Paper 1 > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the reasons for Conformity?

A

Normative Social Influence

Informational Social Influence

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2
Q

What is Normative social influence?

A

A desire to be liked

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3
Q

What is informational social influence?

A

A desire to be right

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4
Q

What are the weaknesses of NSI?

A
  • Individual differences
  • people who care more about being liked are more affected by NSI
  • The desire to be liked underlies conformity for some people more than others. One general theory doesn’t cover the fact there are differences
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5
Q

What are the strengths of NSI?

A

Research Support

-Asch study

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6
Q

What are the strengths of ISI?

A

Research support

-Lucas et al

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7
Q

What are the weaknesses of ISI?

A
  • Individual Differences
  • asch found that students were less conformists than other participants
  • people who are knowledgeable and/or more confident are less influenced by the apparent ‘right’ view
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8
Q

Who came up with the reasons for conformity?

A

Deutch and Gerrard (1955)

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9
Q

What are the types of conformity?

A

Internalisation
Identification
Compliance

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10
Q

Who came up with the type of conformity?

A

Kellmans

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11
Q

What is compliance?

A

Involves going along with others in public but privately not changing opinions or behaviour

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12
Q

What is identification?

A

When we identify with a group that we value, we want to become part of it

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13
Q

What is internalisation?

A

When a person genuinely accepts group norms. It results in private as well as public change of opinions

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14
Q

What is one strength of Asch experiment?

A

Large sample size

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15
Q

What is one weakness of the Asch study?

A

Andre enteric and Ethnocentric

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16
Q

How many participants were in the Asch study?

A

123 male students

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17
Q

What was the aim of the Asch study?

A

Conformity

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18
Q

What conclusions from Asch study?

A

Most participants said they confirmed to avoid rejection and continued to privately trust their own opinions

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19
Q

What are the findings of the Asch study?

A

The naive participants gave the wrong answer 36.8% of the time
25% of the participants never gave a wrong answer so 75% confirmed at least once

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20
Q

What design was the Asch study?

A

Independent groups

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21
Q

What are the variations of the Asch study?

A
  • group size
  • Unanimaty
  • Task difficulty
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22
Q

What was the procedure of Zimbardos study?

A

‘Prisoners’ were arrested and taken to ‘prison’ (blindfolded,strip searched,given a uniform and a number,and names were never used)
Prisoners had 16 rules to obey enforced by guards
Guards had their uniform. They were to,d they had complete power over prisoners.

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23
Q

How many participants were in the Stanford prison experiment?

A

21 male students

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24
Q

What design was the Stanford prison experiment?

A

Independent groups

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25
Q

What is one strength of the Stanford prison experiment ?

A

Researchers have control over variables and control increases internal validity

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26
Q

What is one weakness of the Stanford prison experiment?

A

Major ethical issues

Lack of realism

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27
Q

What are the conclusions of the Stanford prison experiment?

A
  • guards and prisoners all confirmed to their social roles

- the more the guards identifies with their roles the more brutal and aggressive their behaviour became

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28
Q

What are the findings of the standford prison experiment?

A
  • Within 2 days, the prisoners rebelled against their treatment.
  • prisoners became anxious and depressed.
  • Three prisoners were released due to breakdown
  • one prisoner went on a hunger strike and were punished in the ‘hole’
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29
Q

How long did the stanford prison experiment last?

A

The study stopped after 6 days instead of 14 days

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30
Q

What was the procedure of the milligrams study?

A
  • Participants were chosen at random
  • ‘Learner’is strapped to a chair with electrodes
  • After he has learned a list of word pairs given to him, the ‘teacher’ tests him by naming a word and asking the ‘ learner’ to recall the pair.
  • If the learner gets it wrong, he gets an electric shock
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31
Q

Who were the participants in this study?

A

40 males.

  • aged between 20 and 50
  • job ranged from unskilled to professional
  • from New Haven area
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32
Q

Who conducted the Milgram Study?

A

Stanley Milgram

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33
Q

What are the findings of the Milgram study?

A

65% of men were prepared to go to 450v

All of the participants continued to 300v

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34
Q

What are the variations of the milgram study?

A

Milgram carried out 18 variation of this study. All he did was alter the situation to see how it would affect obedience

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35
Q

What are the weaknesses of this study?

A

Lacks internal validity

Ethical issues

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36
Q

What are the strengths of the Milgram study?

A

Good external validity

Replications have supported Milgram findings

37
Q

What are the six guidelines of the ethical issues?

A 
Protection of harm
Right to withdraw
Confidentiality
Debrief
Informed of any deception
Informed consent
38
Q

What guidelines did Milgram ignore?

A

Protection of harm
Right to withdraw
Debrief on one case
Informed of any deception on one case

39
Q

Who came up with the situational factors?

A

Bickman(1974)

40
Q

What did bickman do?

A

Used 3 male actors dressed in normal clothes,milkman,and a security guard
They ask pupils to do tasks
The public were more likely to obey the actor as a security guard and less likely to obey normal clothes and milkmen

41
Q

What are the situational variables?

A

Proximity
Location
Uniform

42
Q

How does location affect obedience?

A

When the setting is more realistic to the authority figure

Eg. Teacher in school has authority but teacher outside school doesn’t

43
Q

How does proximity affect obedience?

A

If the authority figure is close by, you are more likely to obey than when they are not close by.

44
Q

How does uniform affect obedience?

A

If someone wears a police uniform they seem to have more authority than a normal dressed person

45
Q

What are the strengths of situational variables?

A

Research support
Milgram research has been replicated
Has control of variables

46
Q

What are the weaknesses of situational variables?

A

May lack internal validity

Milgram conclusion provide an obedience alibi

47
Q

In Milgram study which situational factor had least effect?

A

Location

48
Q

Which situational factor was the most effective in the Milgram study?

A

Uniform

49
Q

What is legitimate authority?

A

Some people who have positions of authority because they have been entrusted by society with certain powers. Eg police

50
Q

What is agentic state?

A

An age tic state occurs when we act on behalf of another person

51
Q

What is an autonomous state?

A

Autonomy means to be independent,so a person in an autonomous state behalves according to their own principles

52
Q

What are binding factors?

A

Are aspects of a situation that allows the person to ignore or minimise the damaging affect of the behaviour and reduce the moral strain they feel

53
Q

What is agentic shift?

A

When we perceive someone else to be the authority figure

54
Q

What is buffers?

A

Act to protect a person from the consequences of behaviour

55
Q

What is gradual commitment?

A

Once the person has complied with small orders they find it difficult to refuse to carry out more escalating requests

56
Q

Who conducted the authoritarian personality study?

A

Theodore Adorno

57
Q

What was the authoritarian procedure?

A 
Asked more than 2000 middle class white Americans to complete his study. They answered a series of questions including those linked to the F scale
The higher the F scale, more obedient you were
58
Q

What are the findings of the authoritarian personality study?

A

People who scored high on the F scale identified with strong people and were contemptuous of the weak.
They were conscious of their own and others status and showed a blind respect to people with power

59
Q

What are authoritarian people?

A

No fuzziness between categories of people and were driven by stereotypes and prejudice

60
Q

What are the characteristics of authoritarian?

A

Hostile to those who are of inferior status but obedient of people with higher status
Stubborn with their opinions
Conventional,upholding traditional views

61
Q

What makes an authoritarian personality?

A

Harsh parenting resulting is hostility however the child cannot express this against the parent.Therefore thy displace their anger against weaker targets
Grow up with a respect for authority

62
Q

What is resistance to social influence?

A

Refers to the ability of people to withstand the social pressure to conform to the majority or to obey authority

63
Q

What are the two explanations to resistance to social influence?

A

Locus of control

Social support

64
Q

What is locus of control?

A

The sense we have about what directs events in our lives

There are two types: internal and external

65
Q

What is external locus of control?

A

Believe that things happen without their own control

66
Q

What is internal locus of control?

A

Believe that they are mostly responsible for what happens to them
People with LOC are more self confident and have higher intelligence, these personality traits lead to greater resistance to social influence

67
Q

What is social support?

A

The presence of people who resist pressure to conform or obey can help others do the same. These people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible

68
Q

What is minority influence?

A

Form of social influence where a minority of people persuades the majority group to adopt their beliefs attitudes and behaviour
This leads to internalisation

69
Q

What are examples of minority influence?

A

Women’s rights

Gay rights

70
Q

How does minority influence work?

A

Research suggests three main processes
Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility

71
Q

What is consistency?

A

Where the minority views must be consistent in the opposition to the majority
There is diachronic and synchronic consistency

72
Q

What is diachronic consistency

A

Where a person maintains a consistent position over time

73
Q

What is synchronic consistency?

A

Where there is an agreement among members of the minority group.

74
Q

What is commitment?

A

The minority is more powerful if they demonstrate their dedication to a cause eg through personal sacrifice

75
Q

What is augmentation principal?

A

‘Self sacrifice’. If someone performs an action when they are known consequences, his or her motivation for acting are considered to be stronger- the will to act with consequences

76
Q

What was moscovicis study?

A

Shown 36 blue blue slides with different in brightness in colour. Participants were seated last and they were asked to recall if it was blue of green

77
Q

What is the consistent group in moscovicis study?

A

The two confederates seated before the participants always said green

78
Q

What is the inconsistent group in moscovicis study?

A

Only 2/3 of the time two confederates seated before the participants said green

79
Q

What is the control group in moscovicis study?

A

No confederates, participants simply said the colour

80
Q

What were the findings in the moscovicis study?

A

The consistent condition produced most minority influence with 8.42% of the participants answering green. The inconsistent condition it was only 1.25% and in the control condition, only 0.25%

81
Q

What is the conclusion of the moscovicis study?

A

The minority can influence the majority

82
Q

What are the evaluations for moscovicis study?

A

Lacks ecological validity

Biased sample

83
Q

What is flexibility?

A

Being completely consistent all the time may actually give them the impression that the minority is rigid and unbending which is undesirable. Members of the minority group need to be prepared to amend their view and accept reasonable counter argument

84
Q

What is the snowball effect?

A

The majority is influenced by the minority gradually through the three factors. The more people that converted the faster rate if conversion

85
Q

What is social cryptomnesia?

A

The cause of the change is forgotten and the majority whilst aware a change has happened, cannot accurately pinpoint the reason

86
Q

When does social change occur?

A

When a whole society adopts a new belief or behaviour which then becomes widely accepted as a ‘norm’

87
Q

How does social change happen through NSI?

A

Supporting a football team because everyone else does

Drinking at a party because others are

88
Q

How does social change happen through ISI?

A

Copying friends in a test

Following a group of people to lesson on your first day

89
Q

How does social change happen through minority influence?

A

Civil rights movement

Women’s rights

Psychology-Paper 1 (4 decks)

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