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Psychology-Paper 1 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Abnormality?

A

Behaving in a way in which that is rare,deviates from social norms and ideal mental health and often means the person is unable to function

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2
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

A

Abnormal behaviour is rare. They are outside the population average so are abnormal. The infrequency of behaviour is determined by a normal distribution curve, with behaviours at either end being considered abnormal

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3
Q

What are examples of statistical infrequency?

A

Low/High IQ

Schizophrenia

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4
Q

What are the strengths of Statistical Infrequency?

A

Many mental disorders are statistically rare,1% of population have schizophrenia. Therefore it is an accurate tool for diagnosis

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5
Q

What are the weaknesses of Statistical Infrequency?

A

Misdiagnosis- some behaviours are statistically common, for example millions of people suffer with depression.
Labelling can be unhelpful-someone with low IQ may experience distress and create a poor body image if told they have a low IQ
Fails to distinguish between desirable and undesirable behaviour- for example, obesity is statistically normal but neither healthy or desirable
Cultural relativism-behaviours that are rare in one culture may be common in another for example, hearing voices is sometimes believed to be connected to hearing God

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6
Q

What is deviation of social norms?

A

When a person behaves in a certain way that is different from how they are expected to behave, they may be identified as abnormal.

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7
Q

What are the strengths of deviations to social norms?

A

Many mental disorders go against socially acceptable behaviour-it is not normal for those with OCD to wash their hands until they bleed

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8
Q

What is an example of deviation to social norms?

A

Homosexuality

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9
Q

What are the weaknesses of deviation to social norms?

A

Cultural relativism-DSM is almost entirely based on social norms in the west (white and middle class)
Lacks temporal validity-norms change all the time
Behaviour must be considered in context- to be correctly identified as abnormal,so it takes more time
Abnormality may not be classed as abnormal until it reaches a certain point, although the difficulty lies in where the border between normal and abnormal is

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10
Q

What is failure to function adequately?

A

A person may cross the line between normal and abnormal at the point that they cannot deal with the demand of everyday life- they fail to function adequately

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11
Q

How is FFA measured?

A 
By GAF( Global assessment of functioning) scale.
By WHODAS  scale
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12
Q

What is GAF?

A

A high score means they are normal

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13
Q

What is WHODAS?

A

6 areas of functioning adequately including:understanding and communicating,getting around,self care,getting along with people,life activities,and participation in society. Each individual rates them 1-5

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14
Q

What are the strengths of FFA?

A

The GAF and WHODAS scale provide objective quantitative analysis of symptoms-reducing the impact of subjectivity,socially sensitive as it takes patients perspective into account.
Face validity-as it makes sense one should address behaviour or thoughts that negatively impact a persons life

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15
Q

What are the weaknesses of FFA?

A

Subjective- if a patient is experiencing difficulties day to day then they are determined that this behaviour is undesirable. Alternatively, an individual may be unaware that they aren’t coping, especially with disorders such as schizophrenia
Some dysfunctional behaviour can be functional for the individual- for example,eating disorders for models can be beneficial
Cultural relativism-in western society, it may entail not having good personal hygiene or failing at school, but this may not be the case for other cultures

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16
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Mental health is viewed the same as physical health. Therefore, abnormalities is when a person lacks optimal living which promotes psychological health and well-being

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17
Q

What are the strengths of deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Face validity as it makes sense that people who don’t have accurate perception of reality are abnormal.
It covers a broad range of concepts- both unusual behaviours and those that cause distress to the suffer
It provides useful guidelines for diagnosing abnormalities.-These is a clear and relatively standardised set of guidelines to be able to identify abnormal behaviour in people

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18
Q

What are the weaknesses of deviation from idea mental health?

A

Jahodas criteria is too broad- as if one follows jahodas criteria, we would all be listed as abnormal.
The approach is too vague- as there is no clarity in how many of these or to what degree you must be lacking before your vulnerable for a mental disorders.
Reductionist-trying to treat mental illness and physical health in the same way is trying to reduce the complexity of mental illness and could risk medicalising it
Cultural relativism- self actualisation has root in individualist cultures and therefore wouldn’t wear makeup ideal mental health in a collectivist culture

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19
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics for phobias?

A

Panic

Avoidance

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20
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?

A

Anxiety and fear

Responses are unreasonable

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21
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of Phobias?

A

Selective attention

Irrational beliefs

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22
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A

Activity levels

Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour

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23
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

A

Lowered mood

Anger

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24
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

A

Poor concentration

Absolutist thinking

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25
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A

Compulsions

Avoidance

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26
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

A

Anxiety and distress

Guilt and disgust

27
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A

Obsessive thoughts

Insight into excessive anxiety

28
Q

What is the two process model?

A

Classical and operant conditioning proposed by Mowrer that phobias are learned by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning.

29
Q

What is an example of the two process model?

A

Little Albert

30
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

A type of therapy that aims to gradually reduce anxiety levels through the counter conditioning. A hierarchy is formed where they make a list of fearful stimuli arranged in order from least to most frightening. Relaxation techniques are taught thought all the stages in the hierarchy.

31
Q

What is flooding?

A

Involves bombarding the phobic patient the phobic object without a gradual build up. It is very quick Learning through to extinction.

32
Q

What are the strengths of SD?

A

It shows it’s effective- Gilroy et al shows SD is helpful in reducing the anxiety in spider phobia and that the treatments are long lasting
Suitable for diverse of patients-having learning difficulties it may be difficult to understand what’s going on during flooding. For these patients, SD is probably the most appropriate treatment.

33
Q

What is a weakness of flooding?

A

Traumatic for some patients

Less effective for some types of phobias.

34
Q

What did Beck propose?

A

That some people are more prone to depression due to faulty information processing, e.g. thinking in a negative way

35
Q

Who came up with the negative triad?

A

Beck

36
Q

What are the three elements of the negative triad?

A
  1. Negative views of the world
  2. Negative view on the future
  3. Negative views on self
37
Q

What is Ellis’ ABC Model?

A

A- Activating event
B- Beliefs
C- Consequences

38
Q

What is an example of Ellis ABC model?

A

A-Boy hurts you
B-All boys are bad
C- Never date again

39
Q

What are the strengths of Becks theory?

A

Good supporting evidence-Grazoli and Terry assessed that 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after birth
Practical application-it is an explanation for the basis of of CBT

40
Q

What are the weaknesses of becks theory?

A

Doesn’t explain all the aspects of depression-depression is a complex disorder. Some depressed patients are deeply angry and Beck cannot easily explain this extreme emotion.

41
Q

What is a weakness of Ellis’ model?

A

Partial explanation of depression-only applies to some kinds of depression.

42
Q

What is CBT?

A

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Patient and therapist work together to clarify the patients problems and identify where there might be negative or irrational thoughts that will benefit from challenge.

43
Q

What are the four steps in CBT?

A
  1. Assessment
  2. Cognitive Stage
  3. Behaviour Stage
  4. Learning stage
44
Q

What is the First stage in CBT?

A

Assessment- therapist usually forms a treatment plan. They might give goal settings such as keeping diaries

45
Q

What is the second stage in CBT?

A

Cognitive stage- identify negative/irrational thoughts and challenges them through Ellis’ REBT. Ellis developed his ABC model to include D and E, meaning dispute and effect. The main idea is that to challenge irrational thoughts and it’s achieved through dispute.

46
Q

What is Logical Disputing?

A

Where the therapists questions the logic of a persons thought.e.g. ‘Does the way you think about that situation make any sense?’

47
Q

What is empirical Disputing?

A

Where the therapist seeks evidence for a persons thoughts

48
Q

What is the third stage of CBT?

A

The behaviour stage-therapists may set homework. The idea is that it helps patients identify their own irrational beliefs and then proves them wrong

49
Q

What is the fourth stage of the CBT?

A

The learning stage-work together to make sure the changes are permanent

50
Q

What are the strengths of CBT?

A

It is effective-large body of support e.g. March et al compared the results of CBT with antidepressants

51
Q

What is a weakness to CBT?

A

May not work with severe cases of depression
Some people may want to ignore their past
May be over emphasis on cognition

52
Q

What are candidate genes?

A

Specific genes which create vulnerablity for OCD

53
Q

What are the two candidate genes?

A

Serotonin

Dopamine

54
Q

What does Polygenic mean?

A

More than one gene

55
Q

Is OCD polygenic?

A

Yes! OCD is not caused by one single gene but several genes are involved.

56
Q

What is aetiologically heterogenous?

A

One group of genes may cause OCD in one person but a different group of genes may cause the disorder in another person

57
Q

What are neurotransmitters responsible for?

A

Relaying information from one neuron to another

58
Q

What happens if a person has low levels of serotonin?

A

The normal transmission of mood relevant information does not take place and mood is affected.

59
Q

What is responsible for logical thinking and decisions?

A

The frontal lobes

60
Q

What is the strengths of the genetic explanation of OCD?

A

Good supporting evidence-slater and shields, twin studies.

61
Q

What does drug therapy aim to do?

A

Increase or decrease levels of neurotransmitters in the brain or to increase/decrease the activity

62
Q

What do SSRIs aim to do?

A

Prevent the absorption and breakdown of serotonin of the brain.This increases its levels in the synapse and thus serotonin continued to stimulate the post synaptic neuron.

63
Q

What is a strength of drug therapy?

A

Effective to tackling OCD

Cost effective and non disruptive

64
Q

What are the weakness of drug therapy?

A

Can have side effects

Unreliable

Psychology-Paper 1 (4 decks)

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