Social Inclusion and Exclusion

Question 1

What is pluralism?

Answer 1

Pluralism is ‘an interpretation of social diversity’ . It refers to the maintenance of unique characteristics in a society without being reduced to a ‘homogenous mass’. For this to work, certain groups and individuals don’t lose their unique characters *culture, belief, religion), even if they are a minority in a larger society

Question 2

What is social stratification?

Answer 2

Social stratification is where groups and persons in a society are separated into distinct, explicit hierarchies.

Question 3

What is an example of social stratification?

Answer 3

Indian caste system

Question 4

What are Socially valued resources (SVRs)?

Answer 4

These are essential resources and services that a socially included person has ready and sufficient access to in society.

Question 5

What are the 6 SVRs that we study?

Answer 5

Education
Housing
Employment 
Health Care 
Technologies 
The Justice System

Question 6

What is social exclusion?

Answer 6

The failure of society to provide individuals and groups with access to those rights that are normally extended to its members in the relevant SVRs.

Question 7

What is social inclusion?

Answer 7

Social inclusion is the process of improving the terms on which individuals and groups take part in society. This is done through giving them access to various SVRs

Question 8

How do SVRs promote social inclusion?

Answer 8

They allow for people to make a choice. It provides the CAPABILITY to make a choice of whether or not peoples want to participate in society, whether or not it be to learn or to work, etc. , which thus leads to inclusion

Question 9

How is choice determined?

Answer 9

Opportunity provided

Capability to accept the opportunity

Question 10

What is an example of social exclusion on a micro scale?

Answer 10

Migrants are typically socially excluded during covid because they are already disadvantaged from migrating (thus only having casual and part time jobs), and then covid limits them even more with how much they can earn, thus reducing their access to SVRs

Question 11

What is an example of social exclusion a meso scale?

Answer 11

School divide. 4 richest schools spend $402 million to teach 13000 students. Poorest 1800 schools get $370 million to teach 170 000 students

Question 12

What is an example of social exclusion on a macro scale?

Answer 12

Social exclusion for those in rural health. People in rural areas are more likely to die early than those in cities.

Furthermore, those in rural areas are less likely to want to take care of their health (i.e. dental health) because it costs a lot of money, thus leading to social exclusion as they are denied the SVR of health

Question 13

What organisation is trying to improve social inclusion on the macro scale of a society?

Answer 13

The Royal Flying Doctor Service. They are trying to help health outcomes in rural areas. They are also attempting to prepare rural GPs

Question 14

How does education (as a SVR) contribute to social inclusion?

Answer 14

With reference to the meaning of social inclusion according to ASIB:

Education allows for people to have the opportunity to learn in schools, which has a domino effect on their ability to work. Education enables many people to garner skills which are required to participate in parts of society. For example, learning about maths will enable to follow career paths into things such as engineering, nuclear physics etc. This thus allows people to participate in society through being employed in these fields. This also shows that there is a constant cycle of social exclusion in areas with little education such as Elcho Island, as they will no longer have access to higher paying jobs etc.

Education also allows for people to engage with society through providing language as a platform to communicate. Furthermore, it enables you to have a voice through teaching how people how to express their opinions, and thus enable them to influence decisions that affect them. This idea is seen with Eddie Mabo who was quite well educated which enabled him to raise his voice when he understood something to be wrong

Question 15

What is social inclusion? (According to the Australian Social Inclusion Board (ASIB) framework)

Answer 15

Being socially included means that people have the resources, opportunities, and capabilities to:
Learn (participate in education and training)

Work (participate in employment, unpaid or voluntary)

Engage ( Connect with people, use local services and participate in local, cultural, civic and recreational activities)

Have a Voice (Influence decisions that affect them)

Question 16

Why is Eddie Mabo significant?

Answer 16

Mabo is significant as he is a perfect example of how education leads to social inclusion

Question 17

How is Eddie Mabo significant in showing that education is required to have a voice? How is Mabo’s story a story about social inclusion/

Answer 17

Eddie Mabo grew up with a pretty good education. This allowed him to participate in employment, in the form of being a cane cutter and gardener (better than most Aboriginals back then), which socially included him as he was then able to access housing. He is thus able to have a voice as he was educated and allowed for him to express his knowledge of his traditional culture to argue for land rights in the justice system (another SVR).

Question 18

What could be seven similarities or differences between individuals and groups in societies and cultures?

Answer 18

Socio-economic class
Gender
Age 
Ability 
Ethnic background 
Belief system or Ideology 
Location

Question 19

How is social inclusion generated? (3)

Answer 19

Improve access to SVRs
Improve life outcomes
Reduce negative perceptions

Question 20

How is social inclusion maintained?

Answer 20

Creation of laws to help maintain inclusion

Question 21

What are four historical forces which maintain social inclusion and/or exclusion?

Answer 21

Charles Perkin’s Freedom Rides

Adam Goodes is booed by AFL fans around the country and retires because of this

Black Lives Matter inspire similar rallies in Australia regarding Indigenous peoples

Aboriginal Stock workers protest against living conditions in the Wave Hill Walk Off

Question 22

What is the significance of the ‘Freedom Rides’ in Australia?

Answer 22

The Freedom Rides were inspired by the Freedom Riders in the US. It was led by an Aboriginal by the names of Charles Perkins. As part of it, they travelled into NSW country towns which have been known to have discriminatory practices against Aboriginals to raise awareness of discrimination. They encountered a lot of segregation and faced violence when raising the issue of Indigenous rights. They protested for hours at segregated areas such as pools and parks. This is one of the factors which led to the result of the 1967 referendum which removed discriminatory sections from the Australian Constitution

Question 23

What is the significance of Adam Goodes in expressing social exclusion?

Answer 23

Adam Goodes is an Aboriginal AFL player. He is known as someone who was continually booed out of the AFL stadiums he played at in 2015. This arose especially after racism towards his Aboriginal ethnicity came up. This showed that there was a largely negative perception of Indigenous Australians during that time. This negative perception can lead to exclusion

Question 24

What is the wave hill walk off?

Answer 24

In 1966, 200 Gurindji stockmen, and domestic workers and families incited strike at Wave Hill Station.

Initially, this was a strike against the working and living conditions that Aboriginals faced during this time, with many being forced to work in poor living conditions where abuse was rampant. Didn’t receive proper pay and women got abused in this environment. Little human rights here. Wasn’t paying the minimum age. Lived in small iron houses without proper sanitation etc. Children worked illegally

The other more significant demand that the strike was for included the return of some of the traditional lands of the Gurindji people. Ultimately, after years of protest, this was returned to them. This is the basis of land rights now

Question 25

What are four legal forces which maintain social inclusion and/or exclusion?

Answer 25

Batman’s Treaty(1827) and it’s rejection by Governor Bourke (1835)

(1867-1911) Protectionism acts implemented throughout the states

1901 ‘White Australia’ Policy

1962 ATSI peoples given the right to vote

Question 26

What are six political forces which maintain social inclusion and/or exclusion?

Answer 26

Governor Bourke’s rejection of Batman’s treaty

Protectionism laws

Assimilation as a national policy in 1937

Bringing Them Home Report

Closing The Gap campaign

2008 PM Apology

Question 27

What are four economic forces which maintain social inclusion and/or exclusion?

Answer 27

There is the employment of women into the majority of the workforce during WW1 because of most men at war, which means that women are increasingly becoming accepted into society

Similar thing happened in WW2

Covid-19 bringing people who are already disadvantaged to be more disadvantaged.

Reduction of gender pay gap

Question 28

How has covid-19 as an economic factor affected social exclusion?

Answer 28

Covid-19 bringing people who are already disadvantaged to be more disadvantaged. This is seen through the loss of employment for many people including already disadvantaged people. For example, migrants who are already disadvantaged will face more social exclusion after being faced with less job opportunities, inflation and stagnating wages.