Social GLA

Question 1

In what ways did Japan isolate itself from the rest of the world

Answer 1

a. Implemented a policy known as sakoku, which directly translates to “closed country”
b. Foreigners were expelled or strictly controlled, with a few exceptions for limited trade with the Dutch and Chinese merchants allowed in designated areas such as in Nagasaki.
c. Japanese citizens were prohibited from leaving the country, and those who attempted to return after traveling abroad faced severe penalties.
d. Strict censorship was imposed on imported books and ideas, and only certain ports were open for limited trade.

Question 2

How did the isolation during edo period ead to changes in Japan?

Answer 2

a. cultural and technological stagnation occured as Japan limited its exposure to external influences and innovations.
b. domestically, the feudal system and the hierarchical social structures became ore entrenched as centralized power shifted to the shogunate and the regional daimyo.
c. Japan experience relative peace and stability internally, allowing for the development of its own unique cultural identity and arts, such as Kabuki theater, ukiyo-e woodblock prints, and haiku poetry.

Question 2

How did the changes resulting from isolation affect Japan economically, politically, and socially during the Edo period.

Answer 2

a. Economically, Japan became largely self-sufficient but missed out on the benefits of international trade and technological advancements
b. Politically, the power of the shogunate and regional daimyo increased as they maintained control over their respectful domains and enforced the isolationist policies.
c.Socially, the rigid hierarichal structure of Japanese society was reinforced, with strict class distinctions and limited social mobility. The samurai class, in particular, became more entrenched and influential.

Question 3

How did physical geography of Japan affect its worlview?

Answer 3

a. Japan’s geographical isolation as an island nation influenced its perception of the world as insular and self- contained.
b. The surrounding seas acted as natural barriers, reinforcing the idea of Japan as a unique and separate entity from the rest of Asia and the world.
c. The rugged terrain and limited arable shaped Japan’s focus on internal development and self-sufficiency.

Question 3

How did the shogun use the feudal system and the hierarchical social classes to maintain control over Japan?

Answer 3

a. The shogun utilized the feudal system to decentralize power, granting land and authority to loyal daimyo in exchange for military service, and allegiance.
b. By maintaining a strict social hierarchy with the shogun at the top, followed by daimyo, samurai, peasants, and artisans, the shogunate ensured stability and control over the population.
c. The hierarchical structure also served to reinforce social order and obedience to authority, with severe punishment for those who challenged or disobeyed the established hierarchy.

Question 4

What were the motivations for the radical changes in Japan’s model of organization during the Meiji period?

Answer 4

a. Japan faced external pressures, such as the threat of colonization by Western powers and the desire to avoid the fate of other Asian countries that had been colonized
b. Internal factors, including domestic unrest and recognition of the need for the modernization to strengthen Japan’s military, economy, and international standing, and also motivated radical changes.

Question 5

How did Japan adapt to changes brought on by the transition from feudal to modern models of organization?

Answer 5

a. The Meiji government embarked on a series of reforms known as Meiji restoration, which aimed to centralize power, abolish feudalism, and modernize institutions and infrastructure.
b. Feudal domains were abolished, and a centralized government was established, with power concentrated in the hands of the emperor and his advisors.
c. Japan adopted western models of government, education, military organizations, industry, and infrastructure, often through the hiring of western experts and the sending of students abroad to study.

Question 6

How did the changes resulting from adaptation affect Japan economically, politically, and socially during the Meiji period

Answer 6

a. Economically,Japan experienced rapid industrialization and modernization, transforming from an agrarian society to an industrial powerhouse
b. Politically, Japan transitioned from a feudal system to a modern nation-state with a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary government.
c. Socially, Japan underwent significant changes, including the abolition of the samurai class, the rise of the new urban class, and the spread of Western ideas and values.

Question 7

In what ways did change resulting from isolation in the do period compare to changes resulting adaptation in the Meiji period?

Answer 7

a. While the edo period was characterized by cultural isolation and stagnation, the Meiji period saw japan actively seeking to adapt and modernize in response to external pressure.
b. In the edo period, Japans isolationist policies limited ts exposure to foreign ideas and technologies, where as in the Meiji period, Japan embraced western models and knowledge to drive modernization.
c. The changes in the Meiji period were more deliberate and transformative, leading to a fundamental over hall of Japan political economic, and social systems, whereas the changes in the Edo period were more incremental and focused on preserving traditional culture and social order.

Question 8

What challenges emerged from for the Japanese in maintaining cultural aspects of their society while undergoing rapid change.

Answer 8

a. The rapid pace of modernization and Westernization in the Meiji period led to tensions between the traditional and modern values and practices.
b. Efforts to modernize often clashed with traditional cultural norms, and practices, leading to to debates and conflicts over issues such as gender roles, education, and religion.
c. Some Japanese felt a sense of loss or alienation as traditional customs and practices were replaced by Western ones, leading to efforts to preserve and revitalize traditional culture in the face of repaid change.

Question 9

Key concept: Geography part 1

Answer 9

• Japan is an archipelago located in East Asia, consisting of over 6,800 islands, with four main islands: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku.
• Its geography includes diverse landscapes such as mountains, forests, plains, and coastlines.
• Due to its mountain terrain and limited arable land, Japan has historically relied on fishing and rice cultivation.
• Shinto, the indigenous religion of Japan, is deeply intertwined with its geography, emphasizing reverence for natural elements such as mountains, forests, and water bodies.

Question 10

Key concept: Geography part 2

Answer 10

• Shinto beliefs view natural features, like mountains and forests, as sacred and inhabited by kami, or spirits
• The geography of Japan has influenced the development of religious practices such as shrine worship and rituals centered around natural phenomena
• Buddhis, introduced to Japan from China and Korea, also incorporate elements of nature worship and has been adapted to fit within Japans geographical and cultural context.
• Japans relationship with its Geography has shaped its cultural identity and influenced religious beliefs and practices for centuries.

Question 11

Key concepts: Ainu Part 1

Answer 11

• The Ainu are an indigenous people of Japan, primarily inhabiting the northern regions of Hokkaido and parts of the Russian Far East.
• They have their own distinct language, Ainu which is classified as a language isolate.
• Traditional Ainu culture includes animistic belief, with a deep reverence for nature and natural elements such as animals, plants, and mountains.

Question 12

Ainu: Part 2

Answer 12

• Historically, the Ainu practiced hunting, fishing, and gathering, and their lifestyle was closely tied to the natural environment.
• Ainu society underwent significant changes with the expansion of the Japanese state, including assimilation policies and loss of land and cultural practices.
• Despite centuries of cultural assimilation efforts, Ainu cultural revival moments have emerged in recent decades, seeking to preserve and revitalize Ainu language, traditions, and identity.
• the Ainu have faced discrimination and marginilzation throughout history but efforts for recognition and revitalization of Ainu culture and rights have gained momentum in contemporary Japan.

Question 13

Key concepts: 47 ronin
Part: 1

Answer 13

• The 47 Ronin is a historical event in Japanese history that occured in the 18th century.
• It involves a group of samurai who avenged their master’s death, despite knowing it would result in their own deaths, following the principles of Bushido, the samurai code of honor.
• The story is centered around loyalty, honor, and the pursuit of justice.
• Key virtues emphasized in the story include loyalty to one’s master, unwavering determination, self- sacrifice, and the importance of honor above personal gain.

Question 14

Key concepts part 2: 47 ronin

Answer 14

• Despite facing adversity and seemingly insurmountable odds, the 47 ronin remained steadfast in their commitment to their master and their cause.
• The story highlights the importance of honour, loyalty, and selflessness, serving as a timeless example of the values upheld by samurai in Japanese culture.
• It also explores themes of revenge, duty, and the conflict between the personal desires and societal expectations.
• The moral of the story often emphasizes of staying true to one’s principles and obligations, even in the face of adversity and personal sacrifice.

Question 15

Key concepts: Edo Period

Answer 15

• The Edo period, also known as the Tokugawa Period, lasted from 1603 to 1868 in Japan.
• It was characterized by relative peace and stability under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate.
• The capital was moved from Kyoto to Edo( modern-day Tokyo) which became the center of political power.
• The Edo period saw the implementation of strict social and political control to maintain stability.

Question 16

Feudal System:

Answer 16

• Japans feudal system during the Edo period was based on hierarchical structure with the Tokugawa Shogunate at the top.
• The shogun help supreme military and political power, ruling in the name of the emperor.
• Below the shogun were the daimyo, feudal lords who governed various regions of Japan and held significant power and land ownership.
• Samurai served as warrior class, sworn to serve and protect their daimyo in exchange for land and status.
• Peasants, artisans, and merchants were made up of the lower classes, with limited social military

Question 17

Political system

Answer 17

• The political system during the Edo period was characterized by centralized authority under the Tokugawa shogunate.
• The shogunate exercised control over the daimyo through a system of alternate attendance( sankin-kotai) requiring them to spend part of the year in Edo.
• The shogunate implemented strict isolationist policies(sakoku) to limit foreign influence and maintain stability.
• The government relied on a complex network of bureaucrats( samurai administrators) to manage affairs at both the central and regional levels.

Question 18

Social System

Answer 18

• Society during the Edo period was highly stratified, with status determined by birth and occupation.
• The samurai class enjoyed he highest social status, followed by the daimyo and their families.
• Peasants constituted the largest segment of the population and were responsible for agricultural products.
• Artisans and merchants occupied the middle class, with merchants often becoming wealthy but holding lower social status due to Confucian values favouring productive labour over commerce.
• Social mobility was limited, with strict regulations on behaviour and dress reinforcing lass distinctions.

Question 19

Religion: Shintoism

Answer 19

• official indigenous religion of Japan during the Edo period.
• centered around the worship of kami, spirits or deities believed to inhabit natural elements and phenomena.
• Maintained close ies to the imperial court and traditional Japanese cultures.

Question 20

Religion: Buddhism

Answer 20

-Coexisted with Shintoism as a major religious influence in Edo Japan
- Divided into various sects, including Zen, Pure Land, and Nichiren Buddhism.
- Played a significant role in shaping Japanese culture, art, and rituals.

Question 21

Religion: Syncretism

Answer 21

• common practice of blending elemets of Shintoism and Buddhism.
• Resulted in the development of unique religious and cultural life.
• Many Japanese followed both Shinto and Buddhism pratices simultaneously.

Question 22

Religious institutions

Answer 22

• Temples and shrines served as centers religious and cultural life.
• Monastic orders and clergy played as important roles in education, charity, and government.
• Recieved patronage from the govern,ent and Daimyo, contributing to their influence and wealth.

Question 23

Religious Pratices

Answer 23

Rituals and ceremonies performed for various purposes, including harvest festivals, prayers for prosperity, and ancestor veneration.
- Pilgrimage to sacred sites were popular among believers seeking spiritual purification and blessings.
- Offerings and donations were made to temples and shrines to gain favor with the deities and ensure protection and prosperity.

Question 23

Popular culture: Banraku

Answer 23

• Traditional puppet theater popular during the Edo period.
• Featured intricately crafted puppets operated by puppeteers, accompanied by music and narration.
• Covered a wide range of themes, including histroical dramas, love stories, and folk tales.

Question 24

Popular Culture: Geisha

Answer 24

• Female entertainers are skilled in various arts such as dance, music,and conversations.
• Played an important role in social gatherings, entertaining guests at tea houses and banquets.
• Symbolized elegance, refinement, and Traditional Japanese Cultures.

Question 25

Popular Culture: Woodblock Printing

Answer 25

• Technique for producing prints and illustrations using carved wooden blocks.
• Widely used for creating ukiyo-e prints depicting scenes of everyday life, landscape. and famous actors
• Contributed to the popularization of art and literature among the common people

Question 26

Popular Culture: Kabuki

Answer 26

• Traditional Japanese theater known for its elaborate costumes, stylized performances, and dramatic plots.
• Featuring all male casts performing roles on both male and female characters.
• Emphasized spectacle and entertainment, with colorful sets, dynamic choreography, and live music.

Question 27

Popular Culture: Sumo wrestling

Answer 27

• Traditional Japanese sport with roots in Shinto rituals and ceremonies.
• Involves two wrestlers attempting to force each other out of a circular ring or to the ground.
• Popularized as a spectator sport during the Edo period, with tournaments held regularly and wrestlers achieving celebrity status

Question 28

Seclusion edicts: expulsion of foreigners

Answer 28

• foreign missionaries, particularly christian missionaries, were expelled from Japan due to concerns about foreign influence and the spread of Christianity.
• The Portuguese and Spanish were among the first to be expelled, followed by the Dutch and Chinese, who allowed limited access for trade in designated areas such as Dejima in Nagasaki.

Question 29

Seclusion edicts: Isolationist Policies.

Answer 29

• The shogunate implemented strict censorship and surveillance to prevent the spread of foreign ideas and the influence of Western Cultures.
• Imported books and publications were subjected to censorship, and Japanese citizens prohibited from traveling abroad under penalty of Death.

Question 30

Seclusion Edicts: Sakoku Policy

Answer 30

• Literaly means closed “country”, Sakoku was a policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
• Implemented by the earth 17th century until the mid-19th century, it aimed to maintain stability and control within Japan and limit foreign interference.
• Foreign contact and trade were serverly restricted, and foreigners were expelled or strictly controlled

Question 30

Seclusion edicts: End of Seclusion

Answer 30

• The seclusion Edicts came to an end in the mid-19th century with the arrival of foreign ships, particularly American warships led by Commodore Matthew Perry, who demanded the opening of Japan to foreign trades.
• The treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 and subsequent treaties forced Japan to abandon its Isolationist Policies and open its ports to foreign trades, marking the end of Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.

Question 31

Seclusion Edicts: Limited foreign tade

Answer 31

Foreign trade was restricted to designated ports, with only the Dutch and Chinese allowed to engage in limited trade under strict regulations.
- Japanese ships were prohibted from leaving the country, and foreign ships were banned from entering Japanese waters, except for the Dutch and Chinse ships under controlled conditions.

Question 32

Seclusion Edicts: Consequences

Answer 32

• While Sakoku in Italy aimed to maintain stability and control, it also contributed to Japan’s isolation from global developments and technological advancements.
• Japan missed out on opportunities for intern national trade and exchange, leading to economic stagnation and technological backwardness compared to the western nations.

Question 33

Kyoto

Answer 33

• Former capital of Japan and sets of the imperial court.
• Retained significant cultural and historical importance during the Edo period.
• Known for its numerous temples, shrines, and Traditional gardens.
• Center of arts and literature, with renowned artists, poets,and scholars residing in the city.
• Despite losing political power to Edo, Kyoto remained a symbol of Japan’s traditional culture and heritage.

Question 35

Major cities: Edo (Tokyo)

Answer 35

• The capital of Japan under the Edo period
• center of the political power under the Tokugawa shogunate
• Largest city in Japan, with a booming population and thriving economy
• home to the shogun’s place, government offices, and samurai residences.
• A hub of cultural activity, including Kabuki theater, woodblock painting, and Traditional arts

Question 36

Major cities: Osaka

Answer 36

• Major commerical and economic center during the Edo period
• Second-lagest city in Japan, with a bustling port and thriving merchant class
• Known as the “Nation’s Kitchen” for its vibrant food culture and markets
• center of trade and finance, with merchants and traders from all over Japan congregating in the city
• A center of entertainment, with theaters, pleasure quarters, and lively festivals attracting visitors from across the country

Question 37

Meiji Period

Answer 37

• The Meiji Restoration of 1868 saw the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the imperial rule under Emperor Meiji.
• This marked the end of the feudal system and the beginning of centralized government control under the emperor.

Question 38

Foreign influence

Answer 38

• The Meiji period saw Japan opening the outside world after centuries of isolation during the Edo period.
• Western powers, particularly the United States and European countries, exerted significant influence on Japan throughout diplomatic pressure, trade, and military intervention.

Question 39

Dutch Scholars

Answer 39

• Despite japans isolationist policies, dutch Scholars provided valuable knowledge and information about Western science, technology and culture during the Edo period.
• Their teachings laid the groundwork for Japan’s letter adoption of Western ideas and practices during the Meiji period.

Question 40

Commodore Perry and the Unfair Treaties

Answer 40

• Commodore Matthew Perry’s arrival in 1853 with a fleet of American worship force Japan to open its foreign trade.
• The result in Treaties, known as the unequal Treaties, favored western powers and imposed Unfair terms on Japan including extraterritoriality and unequal tariffs.

Question 41

Southern Barbarians

Answer 41

• “southern Barbarians” was a term used by the Japanese to refer to Westerners, particularly Europeans, who arrived in Japan via maritimes routes.
• The term reflected Japan’s perception of these foreigners as culturally and technologically inferior

Question 41

Iwakura Mission

Answer 41

• The Iwakura Mission, led by prominent statesmen Iawakura Tomomi, was a diplomatic mission set abroad from 1871 to 1873 to study Western institutions and technology.
• The mission aimed to renegotiate unequal treaties, establish diplomatic relations, and gather information to aid Japan’s modernization efforts.

Question 42

The charter oath

Answer 42

• Issued by the Emperor in 1868, the charter oath outline the principles of the new Meiji government, including the establishment of deliberative assemblies, promotion of knowledge, and pursuit of prosperity for all.
• It signaled a commitment to modernization, reform, and the creation of a more equitable society.

Question 43

New government- Constitutional

Answer 43

• In 1889, Japan [promulgated its first constitution, known as the Meiji Constitution.
• The constitution established a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral parliament called the Imperial Diet, marking a significant step towards a democratic government in Japan

Question 44

Modernization and industrialization in Japan

Answer 44

• The Meiji government implemented sweeping reform aimed at modernizing and industrializing Japan’s economy, military and society.
• Policies such as the establishment of a national educational system, the building of the railways and infrastructure and the promotion of industry and trade propelled Japan into the ranks of world powers.

Question 45

How did the geography of Japan influence its worldview

Answer 45

a. Japan’s geographic isolation as an island nation shaped its perception of the world as insular self-contained. The surroundings seas acted as natural barriers, contributed to a sense of uniqueness and seperatness from the Asian mainland. The mountainous terrain and limited arable land fostered a sense f self-reliance and resilience among the Japanese people.

Question 46

Describe the geography of Japan

Answer 46

a. Japan is an archipelago located in East Asia, consisting of four main islands: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, along with numerous smaller islands. The Japanese archipelago is mountainous and volcanic, with over 70% of the land covered in mountains. Mount Fuji, Japan’s tallest peak, is an iconic symbol of the country. The coastline is extensive and rugged, with many natural harbors and bays, facilitating maritime trade and fishing. Japan experiences a wide range of climates from subtropical in the south to temperate in the central regions and subarctic in the north.

Question 47

How did being a self sufficient contribute to the Japanese worldview

Answer 47

a. Japan’s self-sufficiency fostered a sense of pride and independence among its people, contributing to a strong national identity The ability to sustain themselves without relying heavily on external resources or trad reinforced a sense of resilience and self-reliance. Japan’s self-sufficiency also influenced its attitude towards foreign influence and trade, with a preference for maintaining cultural and economic autonomy.

Question 48

How was Japan a self-sufficient country?

Answer 48

a. Despite its limited land area, Japan developed a highly efficient agricultural system that maximized the use of available land. Rice cultivation as central to Japan’s agricultural economy, with terraced paddies utilized to grow rice in mountainous regions. Fishing, both coastal and deep-sea provided a significant source of protein and sustenance for the population. Craftsmanship and artisanal production flourished, with skilled craftsmen producing a wide range of goods, from pottery to textiles.

Question 49

How did natural disasters contribute to the Japanese ability to adapt well to change

Answer 49

a. Japan is prone to frequent natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, and volcanic eruptions, The threat of natural disasters necessitated a high degree of preparedness and resilience among the Japanese population. Over time, Japan developed sophisticated disaster management systems, including early warning system, earthquake-resistance building techniques, and community-based disaster preparedness initiatives. The experience of dealing with natural disasters instilled a sense of adaptability and resourcefulness among the Japanese people, enabling them to cope with and recover from adversity effectively.

Question 50

How power was divided in Edo- Japan period. What were their roles?
Emperor

Answer 50

• The Emperor held a symbolic and ceremonial role as the highest authority in Japan.
• While the Emperor was considered the diviner ruler, political power was wielded by the shogun and the Tokugawa shogunate during the Edo period.

Question 51

Shogun

Answer 51

• The shogun was the military dictator and de facto ruler of Japan during the Edo period.
• The shogun held supreme political and military authority, governing the country through a system of feudal lords known as daimyo.

Question 52

Daimyo

Answer 52

• Daimyo were feudal lords who ruled over territories known as Han.
• They were responsible for administrating their domains, collecting tax, maintaining order, and providing military service to the shogun.

Question 53

Ronin

Answer 53

• Ronin were master less samurai, often former retainers of Daimyo who had lost their positions or been displaced due to various circumstances
• They could become ronin through factors such as the death or downfall of their Lord, dissatisfaction with their lord’s policies, or personal reasons
• Ronin faced challenge finding employment and social acceptance, as their status as master less warriors made them both feared and respected
• Some ronin became mercenaries, bandits, or vigilantes, while others sought to regain their stays through acts of valor or loyalty to a new master

Question 54

Samurai

Answer 54

• Samurai were the warrior class of feudal Japan, serving the military elite and loyal retainers to the daimyo.
• They followed a strict code of honor called Bushido and wielded considerable influence in society.

Question 55

Merchants

Answer 55

• Merchants were considered the lowest social class in the rigid hierarchy of Edo-period Japan
• Despite their low status merchants played a crucial role in the economy and urbanization of Japan, particularly during the peace and prosperity of the Edo period

Question 56

Peasants

Answer 56

• Peasants comprised the majority of the population and were primarily engaged in agriculture.
• They worked the land and paid taxes to their daimyo landlords in exchange for protection and land rights.

Question 57

Hinin

Answer 57

• Hinin was another marginalized social class in Edo period Japan, often referred to as outcasts.
• Hinin included individuals who engaged in activities deemed dishonorable or socially unacceptable, such as beggars, prostitutes, and criminals.
• They were often excluded from the mainstream society, relegated to living in designated areas or wandering as itinerants.
• Hinin faced stigma, discrimination, and legal restrictions on their rights and freedoms.

Question 58

Eta

Answer 58

• Eta were a socially ostracized class of people in feudal Japan, also known as ‘‘burakumin”.
• They were traditionally associated with occupations considered impure or taboo, such as butchery, leather working, and executioner duties.
• Eta were subject to serve discrimination, segregation, and restrictions on their movements and activities.
• Despite being officially abolished in the Meiji period, discrimination against descendants of Eta persisted into the modern era.

Question 59

What were the beliefs of the Japanese during the Edo-Japan period?

Answer 59

a. SHINTOISM
I. Shintoism, the indigenous religion of Japan, emphasized reverence for nature, ancestors, and kami(sports or gods)
ii. Shinto rituals and ceremonies were integrated into various aspects for daily life, including birth, marriage, and harvest festivals.

b. BUDDHISM
I. Buddhism was also Widely practiced in Japan costing with Shintoism and influencing Japanese culture, art and philosophy.
ii. Buddhist temples served as centers of religious and cultural life, offering spiritual guidance and conducting funerary rites.

Question 60

Why did the shogun fear Christianity?

Answer 60

a. The shogun and the Tokugawa shogunate viewed Christianity as a threat to their authority and the stability of the feudal system. Christian missionaries were see as agents of the western imperialism and potential subversive influence, seeking to undermine Japanese traditions and loyalty to the shogunate.

Question 61

What were the exclusion laws?

Answer 61

a. The exclusion laws, also known as the sakoku policy, were a series of edicts and regulations enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate to restrict foreign influence and control the movements of Japanese citizens. These laws severely limited foreign trade, expelled foreign missionaries, prohibited Japanese citizens from traveling abroad, an restricted contact with foreigners.

Question 62

How did these laws help maintain a closed-door society?

Answer 62

a. The exclusion law maintained a closed-door society by isolating Japan from external influences and preserving the dominance of the shogunate and traditional Japanese culture. By limiting foreign contact and trade, the shogunate sought to prevent the spread of foreign ideas, protect against western imperialism, and maintain internal stability and control.

Question 63

The Dutch were still allowed to trade with Japan under strict guidelines. Why did the Shogun still allow trade with the Dutch?

Answer 63

a. Despite the policy of isolationism (sakoku), the Tokugawa shogunate permitted limited trade with the Dutch under strict regulations. The Dutch were allowed to trade in Japan because they were less of a threat compared to the other Western powers. The Dutch were also valued for their knowledge of Western science, technology, and medicine, which the shogunate sought to acquire through limited interaction.

Question 64

What changes happened politically, comically and socially in Japanese society during the Edo period?

Answer 64

Political Changes:
- Centralized power under the Tokugawa shogunate, establishing a stable and centralized government.
- Implemented of strict social hierarchies and rigid class systems.
Economic System:
- Growth of urban centers and merchant class, leading to increased commercial activity and economic prosperity.
- Development of a sophisticated financial system, including bank and credit networks.
Social Changes:
- Urbanization and population growth, with cities like Edo (Tokyo) becoming some of the largest in the world.
- Emergence of new cultural trends and artistic expressions, including ukiyo-e woodblock prints and Kabuki theater.

Question 65

What was the golden age of culture?

Answer 65

a. The Edo period is often considered Japan’s golden age of culture, spanning roughly from the 17th to the 19th centuries. During this time, Japanese arts, literature, theater, and crafts flourished, fueled by economic prosperity, urbanization, and patronage from the ruling class. Notable cultural achievements include the development of Kabuki and bunraku theater, woodblock prints, and the refinements of traditional Japanese tea ceremony.

Question 66

Who was Commodore Perry?

Answer 66

a. Commodore Perry was an American naval officer who played a key role in opening Japan to the outside world. Perry led a squadron of U.S. warships to Japan with the aim of establishing diplomatic and trade relations. Perry’s show of force pressured the Tokugawa shogunate to sign the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854, opening two Japanese ports to American ships.

Question 66

What was the Western view of Japan’s closed-door society?

Answer 66

a. Western view characterized Japan’s close door society as an isolationist. It was perceived as a deliberate policy of self imposed isolation from the rest of the world. Japans closed-door policy was viewed with curiosity and sometimes frustration by Western powers seeking trade and diplomatic relations. Westerners saw Japan as mysterious and inaccessible, leading to a sense of intrigue and fascination. Japan closed door policy contributed to Western perceptions of Japan as a distant and enigmatic land.

Question 66

What was the strategy to get Japan to open its doors.

Answer 66

a. Commodore Perry’s strategy to open Japan’s door involved a combination of military intimidation, diplomatic pressure, and symbolic gestures. Perry’s fleet of modern warships demonstrated American naval power and technological superiority, convincing the Shogunate to negotiate. Perry’s delivery of a letter from the U.S President demanding the establishment of diplomatic and trade relations, added diplomatic pressure on the Shogunate. The Convention of Kanawaga, signed in 1854, allowed for limited trade and the opening of Japanese ports to American ships, marking the beginning of Japan’s transition from isolationism to engagement with the outside world.

Question 67

What are Unequal Treaties?

Answer 67

a. Unequal Treaties were agreements signed between Japan and Western powers, particularly the United States, Britain, France, and Russia, during the mid 19th century. These treaties were called “Unequal” since they heavily forced Western power and imposed unfair terms on Japan, including extraterritoriality, unequal tariffs, and limitations on Japans sovereignty. The unequal treaties undermined Japans autonomy and contributed to resentment towards Western powers, leading to calls of reforms, and modernization.

Question 68

What were the internal factors that led to the end of isolation?

Answer 68

• Socioeconomic changes within Japan, such as the growth of urban centers and the rise of the merchant class, created pressure for increased trade and economic opportunity.
• Political instability and dissatisfaction with the Tokugawa shogunate’s rule fuelled calls for reform and modernization.

Question 69

How did this affect the social class structure we studied in the Edo period?

Answer 69

a. The Meiji restoration brought about significant changes to Japan social class structure. The feudal system of daimyo and samurai was abolished, leading to the end of the warrior class’s privileged status. The rise of a modern industrial economy and capitalist society led to the Emergence of new social classes, including industrialists, entrepreneurs, and growing urban middle class. Traditional social hierarchies asked on birth and status began breaking down, with opportunities for social mobility and meritocracy increasing in the new Meiji era.

Question 69

What were the external factors that led to the end of isolation.

Answer 69

• Pressure from the Western powers, particularly the United States, Britian, and Russian, to open Japan’s ports to foreign trade and diplomatic relations.
• The arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry’s “Black ships” in 1853 and 1854 and the signing of the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854 marked in the beginning of Japan’s forced opening to the west.

Question 70

Why did Japan resist some of the repaid change that was taking place?

Answer 70

a. Rapid modernization and industrialization led to social, cultural, and economic upheaval. Traditionalists in Japan feared the erosion of Japanese culture and values in the face of westernization. Some sectors of society, such as the samurai class, resisted the loss of their privileged status and authority.

Question 71

What changes took place in the government during the Meiji period?

Answer 71

• The Meiji Restoration of 1868 left to significant political reforms aimed at modernizing Japan’s government and institutions. The shogunate was abolished, and political powers was restored to the emperor, marking the beginning of he Meiji era. A new centralized government was established, with the emperor as a symbolic figurehead and a modern bureaucracy and constitution introduced.

Question 72

What were 3 Japanese customs that were offensive to the westerners?

Answer 72

a. Bowing instead of shaking Hans as a greeting.
b. Removing shoes before entering homes or certain buildings.
c. Eating with chopsticks instead of western utensils like forks and knives.

Question 73

Why did the Japanese feel the need to achieve rapid Industrialization?

Answer 73

a. Japan faced pressures from Western powers to modernize and industrialize to avoid colonization and maintain sovereignty. The Japanese government recognized the need for economic and military strength to protect against the Western imperialism. Industrialization was seen as essential for Japan to compete economically and military on the global stage.

Question 73

What does the motto “wealthy country, strong army” mean? Why did the Japanese adopt this policy?

Answer 73

a. This motto reflects Japanese emphasis on economic prosperity and military strength as essential elements of national power. The Japanese adopted this policy in response to the perceived threats posed by the western imperialism and the need to modernize and defend the country against foreign encroachment. It signaled Japan’s commitment to developing a strong industrial base and military capabilities to safeguard its sovereignty and expand its influence regionally and globally.

Question 74

How did resisting some of the rapid changed that was taking place lead to a return of a more traditional Japanese worldview.

Answer 74

a. The rapid pace of a change fostered a nostalgic longing for Japan’s pre-modern past, Some intellectuals and cultural leaders advocated for a return to traditional Japanese values and aesthetics as a response to Westernization. This lead to a revival of interest in Japanese folklore, arts, and traditional customs as a means of reserving national identity.

Question 75

How did the decline of the samurai class contribute to social changes during the Edo period?

Answer 75

The decline of the samurai class resulted from change traditional role as warriors beam es in warfare, economics, and governance during the Edo period. Samurai were gradually disemboweled as centralized control increased and thei

Question 76

Why was the motto “Wealthy Country, Strong Army” mean? Why did the Japanese adopt this policy.

Answer 76

a. The old motto implied a one-sided adoption of Western culture and values. The new motto reflected a desire to blend Western knowledge and technology with Japanese traditions and identity. It emphasized Japan’s intention to modernize and advance technologically while preserving its unique cultural heritage.

Question 77

How did the decline of the samurai class contribute to social changes during the Edo period?

Answer 77

a. The decline of the samurai class resulted in changes in warfare, economics,and governance during the Edo period. Samurai were gradually disemboweled as centralized government control increased, and their traditional role as warriors became less relevant. economic changes, such as the rise of merchant class wealth, also undermined the samurai social status. This decline contributed to the emergence of a more stratified society and the growth of urban culture and commerce.

Question 77

What impact did Japan’s policy of sakoku (closed country) have on its interactions with foreign countries.

Answer 77

a. Sakoku severely restricted Japan’s interaction with foreign countries, allowing only limited trade with select foreign powers, primarily through designated ports. it lead to a period of isolationism, during which Japan sought to minimize outside influence and preserve its traditional culture and political stability. Sakoku contributed to Japan’s relative technological and cultural stagnation compared to Western nations, as it limited exposure to new ideas, technologies, and trade opportunities.

Question 78

Explain the significant of the charter oath in the modernization of Japan during the Meiji period.

Answer 78

a. The charter oath, proclaimed by Emperor Meiji in 1868, outlined the guiding principles for Japan’s modernization efforts. It called for the establishment of deliberative assemblies, the promotion of public welfare, the pursuit of knowledge, and the adoption of Western technology. The charter oath signaled a departure from the feudal system and a commitment to political, social, and economic reforms aimed at modernizing Japan and strengthening its position in the world. It laid the groundwork for the Meiji restoration and the rapid transformation of Japan into a modern industrialized.

Question 79

Discuss the role of arts and literature in Japanese society during the Edo period and how they were influenced by cultural isolation.

Answer 79

a. Despite cultural isolation, the Edo period witnessed a flourishing of arts and literature in Japan. Traditional art forms such as woodblock prints and Kabuki theater experienced significant development and popularity. Literature, including Haiku poetry and Kabuki plays, thrived as forms of entertainment and cultural expression. While Japanese artists and writers were influenced by domestic trends and traditions, they also drew inspiration from themes and styles imported from China and other Asian cultures.

Question 80

Describe the role of education reforms in japans modernization efforts during the Meiji period.

Answer 80

a. Education reforms was a crucial aspect of Japan’s modernization efforts in the Meiji period. The government established a centralized education system modeled after Western systems, with a focus on universal education and the inculcation of nationalist values. The education system aimed to produce a literate and disciplined workforce capable of contributing to Japan’s industrialization and military modernization. It also played a role in social cohesion and nation building by promoting a shared national identity and cultural values.

Question 81

How did the implementation of a constitutional monarchy affect the balance of power in Japan.

Answer 81

a. The implementation of a constitutional monarchy during the Meiji restoration shifted power away from the feudal lords (daimyo) and the samurai class toward the central government. The emperor restored to a position of symbolic authority, while the real political power was concentrated in the hands of oligarchs and later the elected representatives of the people. The establishment of a constitution and a parliamentary system introduced elements of democracy and checks on government power, redistributing authority more broadly among different branches of government and the citizenry.

Question 82

What are some geographic features of Japan?

Answer 82

a. Japan is an archipelago consisting of over 6,800 islands, with the four main islands of Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku comprising the majority of its island area. It is characterized by mountainous terrain, with over 70% of its land area covered by mountains. Japan experiences frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity due to its locations on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The country has a diverse climate ranging from temperate in the North to subtropical in the south, with a distinct seasonal variations.

Question 83

How was Japan able to remain a self sufficient and homogeneous society?

Answer 83

a. Japan’s geographic isolation as an island nation contributed to its ability to remain relatively self sufficient and homogeneous. The country has rugged terrain and is limited of its population. Japan’s long history of centralized governance and cultural homogeneity also played a role in fostering a sense of national unity and shared identity among its people.

Question 84

What was the overall goal of the shogun in the Edo period?

Answer 84

a. The primary goal of the shogun during the Edo period was to maintain political stability and centralized control over Japan. The shogunate, led by the Tokugawa family, sought to consolidate power by establishing a strict feudal system, with the shogun at the apex and regional daimyo serving as vassals. The shogunate implemented policies such as sakoku (closed country) to limit foreign influenced and prevent internal unrest. Additionally, the shogunate aimed to promote economic prosperity and social order.

Question 85

Why did the government implement the Exclusion law?

Answer 85

a. The Exclusion law also known as sakoku(closed country) was implemented by the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 17th century. The primary reason for these laws was to maintain political stability and control over Japan by limiting foreign influences and preventing the spread of Christianity. The shogunate feared that foreign ideas and religions, particularly Christianity, would undermined the authority of the ruling regime and lead to social and political unrest. The exclusion laws effectively isolated Japan from the outside world, allowing only limited trade and diplomatic relations with select foreign powers.

Question 86

Why did Japan sign the unequal treaties?

Answer 86

a. Japan signed unequal treaties with Western powers in the mid-19th century due to pressure from Western imperialism and military superiority. The arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry’s “Black Ship” in 1853 and subsequent diplomatic missions demonstrated Japan’s vulnerability to Western military and expansionist ambitions. Faced with the threat of military invasion and economic coerciob, Japan reluctantly entered unequal treaties that granted extraterritorial rights to western powers, opened Japanese ports to foreign trade, and imposed unequal tariffs. The unequal treaties were seen as a necessary compromise to avoid outright colonization and maintain a degree of sovereignty in the face of a Western imperialism.

Question 87

Why did Japan become an imperialist country?

Answer 87

a. Japan became an imperialist country in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries due to a combination of domestic and external factors. Internally Japan’s rapid modernization and industrialization during the Meiji restoration transformed it into a regional power with ambitions for expansion. The desire for resources, markets and strategic dominance drove Japan’s imperialist policies, particularly in East Asia. Additionally Japan’s experiences with unequal treaties and Western imperialism fosters a sense of national pride and a desire to assert its independence and influence in the regions. Expansionist ideologies, such as nationalism and militarism, gained prominence with Japan’s political and military leadership, leading to aggressive territorial expansion and imperialistic ventures in Korea, China, and Southeast Asia.