Renaissance Flashcards
What was the Renaissance?
a. the Renaissance was a period of cultural, intellectual, and artistic revival that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe until the 17th century.
b. It marked a transition from the medieval period to modern era and saw a renewed interest in classical learning, humanism, and individualism.
c. The Renaissance was characterized by advancements in various fields, including art, literature, philosophy, science, and technology.
How did the Renaissance spark the growth and exchange of ideas and knowledge across Europe?
A. the Renaissance fostered the growth and exchange of ideas and knowledge through increased contact and communication among scholars, artists, and thinkers across Europe.
b. Humanist scholars rediscovered and translated classical texts, sparking interest in ancient Greek and Roman knowledge.
c. The printing press facilitated the dissemination of ideas through the mass production of books, leading to greater literacy and intellectual exchange.
d. Universities and academies became the center of learning and debate, attracting scholars from different regions and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration.
e. The patronage of wealthy families and rulers, supported the art and sciences, encouraging innovation and creativity.
How did the physical geography of Renaissance Europe affect trade and competition among European countries?
a. The physical geography of Renaissance Europe including its rivers, seas, and mountain ranges, influenced trade routes and economic competition among European countries.
b. Access to navigable rivers and coastal ports facilitated maritime trade and the exchange of goods and ideas with distant regions.
c. Mountain barriers, such as the Alps, created natural boundaries and limited, overland trade routes, shaping political and economic relationships between neighboring states.
c. Competition for control over strategic trade routes and access to valuable resources, such as spices and precious metals, fueled rivalry and conflict among European powers.
How did the increased trade lead to the emergence of powerful city-states?
a. increased trade during the Renaissance led to the emergence of powerful city-states, such as Florence, Venice, and Genoa,which became centers of commerce, finance, and culture.
b. These city-states capitalized on their strategic locations along trade routes to establish lucrative trading networks with other regions, including the Mediterranean and Asia.
c. wealth accumulated from trade allowed city-states to invest in infrastructure, public works and cultural patronage, fostering economic prosperity and urban development.
d. The political autonomy of city-sates enabled them to assert independence from feudal lords and monarchs, creating decentralized centers of power and influence.
In what ways did thinkers and philosophers influence society in the development of a humanist worldview during the Renaissance?
a. Tinkers and philosophers during the renaissance played a central role in shaping a humanist worldview that emphasized the value of human potential reason, and individualism.
b. Humanist scholars promoted the study of classical literature, philosophy, and art as a means of cultivating intellectual and moral virtue.
c. They advocated for the pursuit of knowledge, critical thinking, and self-improvement as essential components of human flourishing.
d.Humanist ideas influenced various aspects of society, including education, politics, religion, and the arts, contributing to the emergence of a more secure and human-centered worldview.
In what ways were the Age of Discovery and the rise of imperialism expressions an expansionist worldview?
a. The age of discovery and the rise of imperialism were expressions of an expansionist worldview that sought to explore, conquer, and exploit new territories and resources.
b. European explorers and navigators embarked on voyages of discovery to chart new trade routes, establish colonies and acquire wealth and power.
c. Imperialist powers competed for control over overseas territories expansion.
d. Imperialism was driven by economic motives, including the desire for raw materials, market and cheap labor, as well as strategic considerations and national prestige.
e. The expansionist mindset of the Age of Discovery reflected a belief in the superiority of European civilization and a sense of entitlement to dominate and subjugate other people and culture.
In what ways did exploration and intercultural contact during the Renaisance affect the citizenship and identity of europeans
a. Expansion of worldview: Exploration exposed Europeans to new cultures, peoples, and ideas from around the world, expanding their worldview beyond the confines of their own regions. This exposure challenged traditional beliefs and fostered a more cosmopolitan outlook among Europeans.
b. Cultural Exchange: Intercultural contact facilitated the exchange of goods, knowledge, and technologies between Europe and other regions, enriching European culture and society. Europeans adopted new foods, spices, textiles, and technologies, from other cultures, influencing their daily lives and customs.
c. Formation of National Identity: Exploration and colonization contributed to the formation of National identities among European nations. Overseas territories became extensions of European powers, and colonial subjects were integrated into the political, economic, and social structures of their colonizers. This proceed, reinforced notions of National superiority and identity of Europeans.
d. Diversity and Multiculturism: INtercultural contact also led to increased delivery and multiculturism within European societies. The influx of goods, people, and deas from other regions contributed to the cultural and ethnic diversity of European cities and towns. European encountered individuals from different racial, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, challenging homogeneous notions of identity and citizenship.
e. Rise of Ethnocentrism and Racism: Despite the benefits of Intercultural exchange, Exploration also fueled ethnocentrism and racism among Europeans. The encounter of unfamiliar peoples and cultures often led to the denigration and dehumanization of non-European groups. This attitude was fueled by notions of European superiority and justified the subjugation and exploitation of indigenous peoples in colonial territories.
Internal weaknesses of the Roman Empire
a. Political instability and corruption weakened central authority.
b. Economic decline led to financial strain and reduced military effectiveness.
c. Social unrest, including slave revolts and urban decay, undermined social cohesion.
Barbarians invasions:
a. germanic tribes, including the Visigoths, Vandals, and ostrogoths, invaded the Roman empire in the 4th and 5th centuries AD
b. These tribes were pushed into Roman territory by pressures from other migrating peoples and sought refuge and resources within the empire.
Fall of Rome
a. In 1476 AD, the Germanic chieftain Odacer deposed the last Roman Emperor, Romaulus Augustulus, effectively ending the Western Roman Empire.
b. The Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople(modern day Istanbul) continued to thrive as the Byzantine Empire for several more centuries.
Military challenges
a. The Roman military faced difficulties in defending the vast borders of the empire against multiple invasions simultaneously.
b. Barbarian tribes exploited weaknesses in Roman defenders and infrastructure, sacking cities and plundering territories.
B. Feudal system
- A medieval social and economic system prevalent in Europe from the 9th to the 15th century.
- Characterized by the exchange of land from military service and loyalty.
Hierarchical structure: King or monarch at the top, followed by nobles(Vassals), knights, and peasants. - Land was the primary source of wealth and power, and feudal relationships were based on reciprocal obligations and duties.
Legacy
a. The fall of Rome marked the beginning of the middle ages in Europe and the transition from classical antiquity to the medieval period
b. It led to the fragmentation of political power in Europe and the emergence of new kingdoms and territories ruled by germanic tribes.
c. The cultural and economic decline accompanying the fall of Rome has long last effects on European society and laid the groundwork for the feudal system and ride of the medical kingdoms.
D. Black death
- A devastating pandemic of bubonic plague that swept through Europe in the id-14th century.
- Caused by a bacterium and transmitted by fleas carried by rats over the silk road
- Result in the deaths of an estimated 25 to 50 percent of the European population.
- Had profound social, economic, and cultural impacts, , including labor shortages, economic disruption, and religious fervor.
Crusades
- Series of religious and military campaigns initiated by Europeans christians to recapture the holy land (Jerusalem) from Muslim control
- Spanned from the late 11th to the late 13th century
- Motivated by religious fervor, desire for political and economic gain, and papal authority (authority of the pope)
- Led to cultural exchange between Europe and middle east, as well as the spread of ideas, technologies, and goods.
f. Silk road
- Ancient network of trade routes connecting East Asia(China) with the Mediterranean region and Europe.
- Facilitated the exchange of goods, technologies, ideas, and cultures between the East and the West.
- Silk, spices, tea, porcelain, and precious metals were among the commodities traded.
- Played a significant role in the spread of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and other religions, as well as the transmission of scientific knowledge and innovations.
Peasant revolt
- Various uprisings by peasants and lower classes against feudal lords and oppressive authorities.
- English peasants of 1381
- Motivated by grievances such as oppressive taxation, feudal exploitation, and social inequality
- Often met with harsh suppression by ruling elites but contributed to the gradual erosion of feudalism and the rise of centralized monarchies.
2 Renaissance
a. Humanism
- Philosophical and cultural movement that emerged during the Renaissance
- Emphasize the value of human potential, reason, and individualism.
- Advocates for the study of classical literature, history, and art as a source of inspiration and knowledge.
- Promotes the development of well rounded individuals with a broad understanding of the arts, sciences, and humanism.
Science. Literature mathematics, Art, etc
- Flourished during the Renaissance as a result of humanists ideal and patronage from wealthy families and rulers.
- Scientific advancements including breakthrough in astronomy, anatomy, snf mathematics by firgues like Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler.
- Literature saw the revival of classical forms such as epic poetry, drama, and the novel, with authors like Dante, Petrarch. and Biccaccio
- Mathematics experienced significant progress, particularly in algebra, geometry, and calculus, with conrtibutions from mathematics from Leonardo da Vinci, and Fibonacci
- Art underwent a transformation with the development of techniques like linear perspective and chiaroscuro, as exemplified by artists like leaonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
c. Famous people
- Leonrdo da Vinci: Re owned polymath known for his contributions to art, science, engineering and anatomy.
- Michelangelo: Celebrated artist and sculptor famous for worlds like the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the statue of David.
- Galileo Galilei: Pioneer of observational astronomy and the scientific method, known for his discoveries with the telescope.
- Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the movable-type printing press, which revolutionized the dissemination of knowledge and sparked the printing revolution.
