Social Facilitation in Sport, the Home-Field Advantage & Choking Flashcards
What would the audience do to people after an airball
They would chant air ball to away players
How would the air ball affect home v away players?
Home: would cause more makes
Away:(from ABS) more misses
What were the groups for the rowing experiment?
No virtual reality
Individual virtual reality
Companion virtual reality
How does the crowd affect performance
higher density of people in crowd would undermine performance following ego threat(ABS/ABC)(True)
How does being a starter affect threats to ego(Theory)
game starters will shield against effects of ego threat because they are ore confident(overall better shooting ability provides buffer, not being a starter)
What did the rowing experiment find?
Companion virtual reality rowed farther, higher HR, more power
No virtual reality reported more effort/pressure/tension
What was the cockroach study
easy task(run straight) hard task(need to make specific turn)
How was the cockroach experiment an experiment?
2 independent variables with two each 2x2=type of task(easy and hard) and observers or no
3 results: dependent affect each of the independent variables and then both at the same time
What were the results of the cockroach study?
faster on easy task than hard
when observed by other cockroaches, they go even faster on easy but do worse on hard
No affect when
What is Social Facilitation?
performance increase in presence of others
Social inhibition
Performance decrease in presence of others
What is Zajonc Mere Presence Theory
presence of another person or member of the same species—–> increased arousal——> strengthened dominant response——->lead to 1 or 2
1=easy task, correct response, performance enhancement
2=hard task, incorrect response, performance impairment
How does Zajonc theory relate to pool players(same thing for free throws)
experts do better with people watching
novices do worse
How does Zajonc theory relate to home team during covid
home team won less when there were no fans
How does Zajonc theory relate to running
people ran faster when they had someone facing them,
less when back is turned or no one is there
What are some of America home field advantage stats
MLB is least(54), MLS is most(66), NBA is 61, NHL is 56
How does HFA affect poeple outside America
HFA found in other countries, even smaller ones
money incentive(people wanna see team win when they go see them)
rule changing doesn’t really change it
How has HFA changed in MLB
much larger before re-organization, not very consistent
How has HFA affected MLB
higher in early years but then stabilizes
How has HFA affected NFL
not very consistent,
some seasons with no HFA
possibly because of small amount of games
How has HFA affected overtime in games
HFA also affected in OT
How has HFA affected NBA
higher earlier, less now
Why do NBA and NHL have different HFA when they are so similar
referees are more involved in NBA
NBA is high scoring, NHL is low scoring
How does HFA affect men and women differently
men much higher,
higher crowds
evolution(need to defend territory)
gender equality in countries=higher HFA
What are some reasons for HFA
Referees
jet lag
dirty tricks
defending territory
context-dependent memory
hostile/supportive crowds
Familiarity
materials of field(grass vs turf)
How does HFA affect batting last on competitive amateur baseball
Host vs Visiting= 57.3
Visiting vs host= 42.7
visit vs visit= 49.6(last) and 50.4(first)
no affect on neutral filed
How does HFA affect NHL with rules
visit have to put stick down first
How does HFA affect animals
mice with winning streak of three against smaller mouse will win against bigger mouse when at home100% and 40% when away
Those without winning streak are less likely to win 40% at home and 10% away
How does HFA affect testosterone
big surge for at home games:
against really good opponents with goalkeepers with the most
How does HFA affect psychology, and physical attributes in hockey
higher at home, higher cortisol too, more self confidence and less anxiety when at home
more testosterone when winning at hoe
How does testosterone and HFA affect Judo
higher for at attacking
How does winning affect teams who are traveling
lower the more miles traveled
west vs. east also matters bc of the time change, West coast teams win more than East coast teams
affects sleep(less sleep poor performance)
still HFA in same city travel
How does sleep affect performance for tennis players
players with prolonged sleep did better, men and women decline the same rate without sleep, caffeine helps too but not as much
How does sleep help baseball players
more vigor and less depression/fatigue/anger
How can sleep help performance
helps physically
helps attention, executive functioning, learning
prevents injury risk, illness suspectibility, weight maintenance, pain tolerance
When is optimal exercise time
late afternoon, not early morning, no heavy workouts three hours before bed, precision muscle training is ok(shooting free throws) is good shortly before sleep
How does quarters Affect HFA for NBA
Away teams have better performance in the beginning of game but get worse.
What does the HFA context-dependent memory study do
whether LTM can’t be retrieved because of context
Put in water or land and told to memorize words
results: when in wet environment you recalled wet words, in dry you recall dry words
How does HFA affect the way the grass is(fake or real)
If home team has fake and is used to fake, then away team will do worse because they aren’t used to it
What happens to HFA when teams move to new stadiums
they do worse for a bit
What are the overall affect ofr HFA
60%
no difference between single player vs team sports
college not different the professional
stronger before 1950
What is the choking process
Conditions that lead to choking——> physical changes and increased self-consciousness ——> performance impairment
What are some conditions that lead to choking
Important competition
critical plays in a competition
evaluation by coaches, peers, and parents
What are some physical changes in choking
increased muscle tension
increased breathing rate
increased heart rate
What does increased Self Consciousness mean for the choking process
Internal focus
narrow focus
reduced flexibility
What does performance impairment mean
timing and coordination breakdown
muscle tightness and fatigue
rushing and inability to attend to cues
How does self presentation be hampered by supportive crowds and what is it
claiming a desired identity through social public performances
1. Attention to self(as opposed to cues necessary for optimal performance)
2. renewed attention to automatic response sequence may disrupt smooth executions
(Supportive audiences in sport championships). When is there more HFA for baseball?(MLB)
game 1 and 2=highest
last game(must win)=second highest
game 7=lowest
(Supportive audiences in sport championships) when were there more errors game 1/2 or 7(MLB)
7 for home and 1/2 for visitors
(Supportive audiences in sport championships) When does a team win more must win or finish off(clinch) wins?(MLB)
when the home team needs to they win more, if they can they’ll choke
(Supportive audiences in sport championships)NBA when were you most likely to win at home
1-4= most
last game=medium
game 7= least
(Supportive audiences in sport championships)NBA,, how does free throw differ from games 1-4 rather than the last game
higher points made in game 1-4
(Friendly face) what are some Positives of supportive crowds
helps people cope with adversity and stress
friends and family with feel positively towards the performer after failure
(Friendly face) what some negatives of supportive crowds
high expectations
more painful to have people you know see you fail
more attention—–> close scrutiny(self-awareness)
(Friendly face) what was experiment 1
with a friend(can’t see you) or a stranger
participants said friend was less distracting
did worse with friend rather than stranger
(Friendly face)What was experiment 2
people play a video game and the audience either gets paid or doesn’t based on player, or audience who doesn’t get paid at all
high self esteem=slower performance
neutral audiences did better
(Friendly face)What was experiment 3
people had pos, neg, neutral, and no audience for easy and hard tasks
Supportive audience did 92% of easy games but 0 of hard
Neutral had 90 for easy and 25 for hard
Adversarial did 100 on easy and 45 for hard
No audience did 92 on easy and 58 for hard
(Friendly Faces)What are the implications of supportive audiences
There is no increase in negative feelings with supportive audiences
increased self-awareness
self-protective orientation that take precedence over achievement goals and may detract from performance quality
(friendly faces)What are some limitations of this study
effort sensitive task vs. skilled performance
amateur/individual vs professional teams
size of audience
output context
How does Home field disadvantage(HFD)affect championship series
no statistical difference between game 1 and 7, choking across eras
they do commit more errors when behind
if they need to win then home team will, if not then they won’t
same
free throw performance doesn’t change
overall: most things changes with only two things remain same
home team will choke when behind
if they need to win they will
What was Baumesister response
home team still choking
rule changes
excluded important games
win/loss is insesitive
classification problems(defending champions being excluded?)
different eras
What did schlenker say in response
ignored data from basketball
societal pressure and self doubts disrupt fantasies of success in front of supportive audience
Does HFD exist?
no
Whats the final product of all the studies
only can clinch and must win remain the same, nothing else does(no HFD)
commits more errors when behind is because they are not assuming new identity of losers,
no support for home team choke
If you are a dynasty team what happens
more likely to choke
How did NBA help HFA
3-3 82% win
3-1 71% win
3-2 66% win
