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Social facilitation Flashcards

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1
Q

Asch 1951

A

Conformity

Showed how people easily agree in a group even when they are wrong, also demonstrates various factors on conformity.

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2
Q

Zimbardo 1971

A

Identification

People are influenced by the situation and social roel expectations. “Sadistic guards” “passive prisoners” become extreme and stopped after 6 days

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3
Q

Milgram 1963

A

Obedience

Showed the power of the situation in influencing behaviour, 65% went up to 450V (kill someone) and 100% 275V

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4
Q

Hofling 1966

A

Obedience

Power of situation and of authority figure.

Nurses study 21/22

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5
Q

Moscivici 1976

A

Conformity

Often the minority can influence the majority if the are sure of themselves.

Out of date study

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6
Q

Obedience

A

Involved someone taking orders from a perceived authority figure.

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7
Q

Who are like to conform?

A
  • If other people can see what they are doing.
  • There are three or more in a group.
  • All the others agree with each other.
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8
Q

How many percent did not obey in Milgrams electric shock study?

A

35%

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9
Q

Agentic theory

A

An explanation for obedience, individuals see themselves as AGENTS for a higher authority therefore not responsible for their own actions

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10
Q

Ambiguous task

A

A task which doesn’t have a clear answer

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11
Q

Asch paradigm

A

The method pioneered by Asch in which stooges are used to test the behaviour of an innocent participant.

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12
Q

Demand characteristics

A

People who try to interpret the situation the way they think the researches want them to.

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13
Q

Informational influence

A

Pressure to conform due to the belief that others know better and are more expert

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14
Q

Membership group

A

Group to which a person belongs

Family, friends, religion, ethnicity

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15
Q

Normative influence

A

Pressure to conform to a norm group through fear of rejection

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16
Q

Reference group

A

Group to which a person doesn’t belong but they aspire or admire and so are influenced by

Pop stars, film stars

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17
Q

Aschs Line discrimination task

A
  • 7 participants in 1 group only 1 is naive the rest are stooges.
  • the stooges where wrong on 12/18 trials.
  • true participants conformed on 32% of the critical trials where confederates gave the wrong answer.
  • 75% conformed at least once.
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18
Q

Evaluation of Asch’s study

A
  • lacks ecological validity
  • sampling issues (gender bias)
  • lacks population validity (gender bias)
  • deception and lack of conformed consent by the participants.
  • he did debrief at the end.
  • ethics not in place yet
  • cultural bias
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19
Q

Jenness bean jar experiment

A

Conformity study

Successful, showed majority influence and proving that people are influenced by a group and is an example of informational social influence.

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20
Q

Normative influence

A

The desire to be liked and fit in with a group.

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21
Q

Informational influence

A

The desire to be right and therefore conform in situations where we lack knowledge.

Can lead to internalisation.

22
Q

Milgrams shock study

PRODS USED

A

Tested the idea of why the Germans where willing to kill the Jews.

Prods: 
Please continue 
The experiment requires you to continue 
It is absolutely nessacary you continue
You have no other choice but to continue.
23
Q

Results of Milgrams shock study

A
  • all participants went to 300V

- 65% went to 450V

24
Q

Evaluation of Milgrams shock study

A
  • lacks ecological validity
  • artificial setting (Lab)
  • sample bias (men used)
  • can’t generalise
  • shows blind obedience (jews&germans)
  • standardised procedure
  • wore a lab coat (authority figure)
25
Q

Ethical issues with Milgrams study

A
  • Deception
  • 83.7% of people said they were happy they’d taken part
  • 1.3% weren’t
  • protection of participants ( showed signs of stress and psychological harm)
  • he did debrief and interviewed them a year later
26
Q

The agentic state

A

Feeling controlled by an authority figure lacking responsibility.

27
Q

Sherif 1935

A

Conformity study

People change their opinions when in a group.

28
Q

What is social influence?

A

Efforts by one or mine individuals to change the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions or behaviours of one or more others. (Baron et al 2006)

Social influence may occur though real or imagined pressure.

29
Q

Example of a social/norm group?

A

Kitty genovese’s death

The by stander effect.

In a situation of ambiguity people will not act an look for guidance.

The diffusion of responsibility.

30
Q

Define conformity

A

Crutchfield 1955 “yelding to a group pressure real or imagined”

It’s a form of social influence in which individuals might change there attitudes, beliefs or behaviours in order to adhere to existing social Norms as a result of real or imagined pressure.

31
Q

Internalisation

A

Accepting the majority view and believing it to be correct.

Private acceptance, this is the deepest type of conformity an persists after the pressure is removed.

32
Q

Sherif 1939

A

Internalisation

To investigate wether people are influenced by others when the answer is unclear

Autokenetic effect : groups of 3
They conformed to the majority an reached a group conclusion even through they weren’t asked to

33
Q

Evaluation of sherif

A
  • didn’t ask to reach a group Answer
  • lab experiment high control over EVs
  • artificial environment no ecological validity
  • deception
34
Q

Factors effecting conformity

SAT UP

A 
S- size of majority (2=13% 3=33%)
A- anonymity ( dropped by 12%) 
T- task difficulty (Perrin and spencer performed ii with British maths, chemistry and engineering students.
U- unanimity ( partners dropped 5.5%)
P- personality ( self esteem)
35
Q

Factors effecting obedience

LAPPS

A

L- location (run down block dropped by 47.5%)
A- a peer administration ( rose to 92.5%)
P- proximity ( authority figure dropped to 20.5%)
P- proximity ( victim dropped to 40%)
S- social support ( group of 3 dropped to 10%) one stopper at 150 the other at 210

36
Q

Autonomous state

A

Will obey a authority figure of there own conscious free to take responsibility for our actions, our normal operating state

37
Q

Adorno et Al 1950 authoritarian personality

A
  • submits to authority of those with higher position ( status/power)
  • is hostile with those lower then them
  • shows excessive blind obedience to authority
  • preoccupation with power
38
Q

Evaluation of authoritarian personality

A

Hym&sheatly found this is more common in the less educated an less economic status

Crutchfield said that genuinely submissive personality is linked to personality, conformity, obedience

39
Q

Feldman and scheibe 1972

A

Defiance of authority

Students fill in a embarrassing questionnaire 2 groups identified social support

40
Q

Evaluation of Feldman and sheibe

A 
Loss of freedom, feel manipulated 
Role models&support 
Personal experience (one of Milgrams wouldn't go over 210V coz of Being in a concentration camp)
41
Q

Zajonc et al 1969 cockroach study

A

Cockroaches ran down 2 paths one complicated and one straight the cockroaches were faster with an audience in the straight path bit slower in the complicated.

42
Q

Define social facilitation

A

Is the enhancement of task performance caused by the mere presence of other people.

43
Q

Define Social inhibition

A

Reduction of task performance caused by the mere presence of other people.

44
Q

Arousal theory

A

When other people are around it causes us to be in a state of alertness or arousal. According to Zajonc this arousal acts as a drive to bring out the dominant response.

45
Q

Michaels et al 1982 pool players

A

To investigate wether the presence of an Audience would affect a average or below average pool player

Average pool players increased there accuracy by 9% and the below average decreased by 11%

46
Q

Evaluation of Michaels

A

Arousal theory supported by Zajonc’s cockroaches and Michaels

It doesn’t acknowledge cognitive processes, yarkes bids on law of too much arousal affects performance as arousal levels reach optimum level

47
Q

Define Evaluation apprehension theory

A

Cottrell 1968 it isn’t the mere presence of others that causes arousal it’s the apprehension and anxiety of being evaluated or judged by others

48
Q

Bartis et al 1988 knife uses

A

Bartis conducted a study to investigate whether or not evolution apprehension would lead to improvement in performance on a simple task and inhibition of performance on a complicated task

49
Q

Evaluation of apprehension theory

A
  • Supported by Bartis et al
  • There is further support from studies were the audience where blind folded so no evaluation
  • Doesn’t explain social facilitation in animals
  • may not be the only cause of arousal there may be other factors such as distraction
50
Q

Distraction conflict theory

A

Baron 1986 the presence of others is distracting causing the attention to become divided between the audience and task

51
Q

Sanders et al 1978 digit copying task

A

Participants in the distracting condition made more mistakes on the complex task but less on the simple task

52
Q

Evaluation of distraction conflict theory

A

Supported by Zajonc’s cockroaches
Supported by sanders distraction
Can be applied to any distraction stimuli
Can explain social facilitation in animals

Psychology (3 decks)

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