Memory Flashcards
What are the 3 main parts of memory
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory
Short term memory
Encoding process
Miller 1956 7+-2 (capacity) chunking
Peterson&peterson (duration) maintenance rehearsal (15-30)
Long term memory
Baddeley LTM remembers meaning and STM remembers sounds
Capacity is unlimited
Duration is permanent
Encoding is declarative (semantic or episodic) and or procedural
Multi-store model Akinson&Shiffin
Sensory store
Memory store (STM)
Long term memory
What is memory?
A cognitive process or a way of retaining and storing information
Define encoding
The process by which information is extracted from a stimulus to form a memory trace.
Storage
The process of keeping memory for retrieval for different periods of time
Retrieval
Remembering ( accessing and recovering) information by bringing it from the memory stores ( from LTM to STM)
Iconic memory
A sensory memory store specialised for holding visual information for about half a second
Echoic memory
A sensory memory store specialised in holding sounds for up to 3 seconds
Episodic
A type of LTM
A memory store system proposed by tulving which stores our memories of personal experiences and events.
Autobiograpal- memories which specific life events or personal meaning
Declarative memory- knowing that and requires recall is detailed and vivid memory stored after one that lives a last time after a live changing event
Semantic
Type of LTM
A LTM for general knowledge about the world including the rules of language and the meaning of words
Declarative memory and is knowing that and requires conscious recall
Procedural
Motor based LTM
Knowing how to do something that would be difficult to express verbally
At first requires thought consciously but then we do it subconsciously after a while
Multi-store model Murdock effects
Primary effect - beginning set of words remembered in LTM
Asymptote - the capacity of short term is limited new information pushes out old before giving a chance to rehearse
Recency effect- the words at the end of the list remembered in STM
Glanzer and cunitz 1966
Participants asked to recall a list of words and one group had a distracter task
Control group showed both recency and primary effect and the distracter task showed only primary effect. Showing the distracter task took up the limited capacity of the STM the first few words were stored in the LTM
Clive wearing
Supports MSM
Since his viral infection he cant remember his wife (symantic) but can still play he piano (procedural)
Baddeley and hitch 1974 WMM
That bit of memory you use when you are working.
Agrees with Atkinson and shiffrins MSM
Central executive WMM
Drives the system Decides how attention is directed Allocates the resources Has no storage capacity Has limited capacity so cannot attend to many things at once
Episodic buffer WMM
General storage space for both acoustic and visual information
It integrates information dorm the central executive, phonological loop, visual sketch pad and LTM
has limited capacity
Added in 2000s
Phonological loop WMM
Deals with auditory information and the order of information Baddeley 1986 divided it into the auditory store (inner eye which holds for a couple seconds) the articulatory control process used to rehearse verbal information from the phonological store
Memory trace in the auditory store decay in 1.5-2 seconds but can be maintained by articulatory control process
Visuo- Spatial Sketchpad WMM
Holds visual (what things look like) and spatial (relationships between things) information for a very short time You use it when you are planning a spatial task, example going from college home
Paulesu et al 1993
Supports working memory model
Participants asked to either memories a series of letters or Rehearse sounds and a PET scan was used
Each produced blood flow in different areas (brocas area for sound)
KF 1970s
Had brain damage to his left occipital lobe ( pictured right) STM was damaged but LTM normal he remembers words better if presented visually as apposed to phonologically
Supports WMM
Evaluation of WMM
Hitch and Baddeley found by performing two tasks at a time the same component of WMM suffers
When two tasks performed involve two different parts of the WMM the task performance didn’t suffer
Episodic buffer has not been investigated fully and its functions remain unclear
Structural level
Appearance- which is when we encode only the physical qualities of something
Phonetic or phonological level
Which is when we encode it’s sound
Semantic level of processing
Word association- which happens when we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words and similar meanings
