Social essay points

Question 1

Paralinguistic cues and speech style affects social communication

Answer 1

Paralanguage is well recognised across cultures - Scherer (2011)

Scene and Participants influence peoples speech style - Brown & Fraser

Matched guise technique, meta-analysis found standard accents better:
- Fuertes et al 2012

Ethnolinguistic identity theory:
- Giles 2009

Speech accommodation:
- Pardo et al (2012)

Tentative language - women may use more, limitations
- Lakoff 1973 - however criticisms

Question 2

NVC to convey affection?

Answer 2

Moore 2010 - review

Kellerman 1989 - eye contact increases affection

Morris - 1971

Hanz et al (1997)
- touch and relationship satisfaction

Grewen et al (2003)

• Touch and Bp
• Other ethnicities

Morris - 1971

Van straaten (2010) - bar

Geugen (2010) - Cafe

Tuslin & Alper 1983 - men see more sexual connotations from touch.

Question 3

Eye contact in NVC?

Answer 3

Eye-contact:

• Convey affection
• Convey dominance
• Turn-taking
• persuade=

Affection:
Kellerman (1989) - sexual
Morris 1971
Van straaten - bar

Autism:
- reductions in eye-contact, one of teh most important biomarkers

Eye-contact important in turn taking
- Kendon (1967)

Eye-contact is used to persuade, however not useful

• Segrin (1993) - people ARE more persuasive
• Chen (2013) - people AREN’e more persuasive

Question 4

Touch in NVC?

Answer 4

Jones & Yarbrough (1985), touch is for:
- Positive affect
- Playful
- Control
- Ritualistic
- Task-related
ALSO negative affect

Sexual attraction

• Morris 1971
• Hanz et al (1997)
• Grewen et al (2003)

Gender diff:

• Women find brief touches more professional
• Geugen (2010) - cafe study

Interpersonal touch and emotion -
Hertenstein et al (2006) - encoders and decoders

Question 5

Interpersonal contact is bad/good?

Answer 5

Leads to anxiety:

• Stephan and Stephan (1985) intro
• Richeson and Shelton (2003) - anxiety on executive function

However some improvement seen:
- Pettigrew & Tropp (2006)

Case for the situation to be right:

• Pettigrew and Tropp 2006
• Pettigrew 1997 - friendship is good

Decreased likelihood for collective action
- Wright & Lubensky (2009)

Question 6

Cognitive development good/bad

Answer 6

Cognitive development theory:
- Aboud (1988)

Multiple classification training:
- Bigler & Liben (1992) - worked to reduce stereotyping in teh multiple classifications group

Criticisms:
- Cameron et al (2007) - (refugees and disabled children) did not increase outgroup attitudes, may be linked only to changing stereotypes and n teh context of gender

Question 7

Empathy good/bad?

Answer 7

Cognitive empathy/emotional empathy mechanisms
Cognitve - increased perceived similarity
Emotional - increased concern for welfare and change in attitudes

Nesdale (2005)
- new zealand, pacific islander

Blue eyes/brown eyes:

• Weiner & Wright 1973 - green and orange
• worked - more likely to engage outgroup on an activity - picnic