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History Russia > Social Developments > Flashcards

Social Developments Flashcards

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1
Q

What happened to the labour market under War Communism?

A

Labour conscription introduced. Some didn’t sign up for labour because they had no choice in job

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2
Q

What happened to the labour market after the civil war?

A

Demobilisation of the Red Army and food shortages lead to mass unemployment (1 million by 1926)

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3
Q

What were Arteli’s?

A

Groups of workers offering group services - common in the NEP to get work

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4
Q

What did the Five Year Plans do to unemployment?

A

In 1930 full urban employment was announced. Problem of labour shortages began

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5
Q

What were the impacts of full employment in the Five Year Plans?

A

Ex-peasants and worker divisions in factories
Unemployment benefits cancelled in 1930
Skilled workers paid more as incentive
More women hired (especially in WW2)

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6
Q

What caused severe housing problems throughout the USSR?

A

Urban populations rapid increase (new cities created eg. Donbass) alongside the government not prioritising house building
Made much worse by WW2

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7
Q

What social benefits were available in the 1930’s?

A

Cheap food
Clothes
Trade unions provided leisure and two weeks holiday pay
Some healthcare
this was all possible due to the Five Year Plans

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8
Q

How effective was healthcare under Lenin and Stalin?

A

Effective with limited resources

Eradicated epidemics such as Lice-spread typhus in 1920

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9
Q

What did Khrushchev promise by 1980?

A

Full functioning communism, everyone would be thriving

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10
Q

What was the effect in 1980 when Khrushchev’s promise did not come true?

A

People lost hope in the idea of communism

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11
Q

What happened to unemployment under developed socialism?

A

Full employment continued, real wages rising 50% 1967-77

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12
Q

What was the negative effect of full employment?

A

Too much job security meant low productivity therefore efficiency
Low wages for everyone meant minimum wage introduced in 1956

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13
Q

What was the Nomenklatura?

A

A party run system that put every enterprise under their control (farmers brought under it in 1974)
Increased in importance

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14
Q

What was the negative effect of the Nomenklatura?

A

Increased nepotism

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15
Q

How did Khrushchev improve housing?

A

‘Khrushchoby’s’ built - standard housing built nation-wide. Did not solve the housing problem

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16
Q

What was Khrushchev and Brezhnev’s era called?

A

Developed Socialism

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17
Q

How did healthcare improve under developed socialism?

A

Increased technology and an increase in Sanatoria’s (medical rest homes)
Central Asia massively underfunded

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18
Q

How stable was the era of developed socialism?

A

On the surface, often quite stable. However there were uprisings (Hungary 1956) and many protests
Increased alcoholism and divorce rates

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19
Q

What did the Bolsheviks aim to do in terms of women?

A

Emancipate them (set them free)

20
Q

What was Zhenetdel? (1917)

A

A branch of the Central Committee focused on improving women’s lives

21
Q

What laws about women were passed in 1918?

A 
Equality laws: 
Abortion legalised
Equal pay
Women don't have to obey their husband anymore
Divorce made less expensive/easier
22
Q

Did the laws regarding women help their lives? (1918)

A

Very little, they were not enforced properly

Easier divorce left many women fending for themselves and their child

23
Q

What was the Civil Wars impact on women?

A

Recruited to factories and Red Army
Made new laws on women a low priority
Women left homeless and destitute

24
Q

What was the effect of women liberation laws on Islamic women? (1920’s)

A

Strong backlash from Muslim communities meant a softer approach was taken in the 1930’s

25
Q

Why did Stalin close Zhenotdel in the 1930’s?

A

He claimed gender equality had been achieved

26
Q

What were the ‘difficult times’ in the 1930’s effect on women?

A

They were forced to work in very low paid jobs

Men often deserted women as they could not live off each others salaries

27
Q

What group of women prospered during the 1930’s?

A

Wives of the Nomenklatura

28
Q

What was women’s role in WW2?

A

800,000 took part in the Red Army
Worked in low skilled factory jobs
many unemployed at the end of the war

29
Q

What was women’s role in politics?

A

Minimal, 16% of party were women in 1932

First female presidium member in 1957

30
Q

Examples of women role models? (used as propaganda)

A

Tereshkova (first female in space)
Kollontai (first female commissar)
The hard working peasant always female in propaganda

31
Q

What were the features of the 1918 family code?

A

Divorce made easier
Abortion made legal
Crèches were encouraged

32
Q

What were the negative effects of the 1918 family code?

A 
High divorce rates
Abortion used as a contraception method
Low birth rate
More orphans 
*broke up families*
33
Q

Components of Stalin’s Great retreat? (1936)

A

Free marriages lost their legal status
Abortions outlawed
Male homosexuality made illegal
Maternity leave extended 16 weeks

34
Q

What was Khrushchev’s view of women’s role?

A

Emphasised women’s role in the family (wanted to restore social stability)
Grandparents told to take up a parenting role

35
Q

What were Brezhnev’s policies regarding the family?

A

Housing provision increased
Clamped down on alchoholism
Promoted big families
Attempted to reduce divorce rates (1968 family code)

36
Q

What did Lunachevsky attempt to do? (Commissariat of Education 1917…)

A

Provide free, universal education to everyone with equality

37
Q

Had education provision improved by the 1930’s?

A

Yes, children in education was at 20million by 1931

Rural areas had better teachers after the Great Terror forced urban teachers to move

38
Q

What changes to education were made in the 1980’s?

A

Some turned into specialist/elite schools - less emphasis on equality

39
Q

What obstacles were there for education in the USSR?

A

Lack of funding/resources
Teachers had a low wage and status
Tuition fees briefly in the 1940’s
Nationalists in republics saw it as Russification
Families preferred children to work so they could provide

40
Q

What changes were made to higher education?

A

1929 - requirements dropped and quota system introduced

Khrushchev increased vocational emphasis, also made graduates work 2 years on a state chosen job (unpopular)

41
Q

How was illiteracy reduced?

A

‘Liquidation points’ set up to teach basics
Adult schools for drop outs
Literacy league used to promote literacy

42
Q

What was the illiteracy rate in 1917?

A

65%

43
Q

How was education beneficial to the Communists?

A

instilled values of russification, socialism from a young age

44
Q

What were Lenin’s changes to education methods?

A

Abolished texts, homework and tests. Focused on practical work

45
Q

What were Stalin’s changes to education methods in the Great retreat? (1936)

A

Traditional discipline
Lecturing
Textbooks provided by government (correlating with Stalin’s views)

46
Q

What did party youth groups (Komsomol - ages 14 to 28) do?

A

General activities, some military style. Learnt party values whilst doing it
Sometimes put to practical use such as taking part in the Virgin Land Scheme

History Russia (4 decks)

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