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History Russia > Aggriculture and Industry > Flashcards

Aggriculture and Industry Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Land Decree? (1917)

A

Abolish private ownership of land

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2
Q

What was the Decree on Workers Control? (1917)

A

Workers given ‘control’ of the factories

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3
Q

What happened to banks in 1917?

A

They were nationalised

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4
Q

Effects of the Decree on Workers Control? (1917)

A

Huge pay rises caused inflation

Managers dismissed by workers (sometimes violently)

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5
Q

What did the Supreme Council of the National Economy do? (set up 1917)

A

Exert state control over the economy

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6
Q

Why was War communism introduced? (1918)

A

To ensure victory in the civil war

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7
Q

Features of War communism in industry? (1918)

A 
Money replaced with bartering
Nationalisation of industry 
Reintroduced hierarchy in industry
Military style discipline 
Private trade banned
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8
Q

Features of War communism in agriculture? (1918)

A

Forcible requisitioning of food
Rationing introduced
Some forced collectivisation

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9
Q

Was War communism effective? (1918)

A

Yes, gave the Bolsheviks the resources to win the civil war

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10
Q

Why was NEP introduced? (1921)

A

The civil war left the economy in ruins along with Bolshevik popularity - reform was needed

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11
Q

What made it clear Bolshevik power was under threat after the civil war?

A 
The Tambov Uprising (peasants)
Kronstadt Mutiny (sailors)
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12
Q

Features of NEP in agriculture? (1921)

A

End of requisitioning

No forcible collectivisation

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13
Q

Features of NEP in industry? (1921)

A

Currency reintroduced
Reward system for good workers
Legalised private trade

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14
Q

Who were Nepmen?

A

Entrepreneurs that benefited from private trade under the NEP

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15
Q

Was the NEP initially a success? Why?

A

Yes: growth in both industry and agriculture was high. Although corruption, prostitution and gangs flourished and food prices rose (needing regulation in 1923)

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16
Q

Was NEP a success after 1924? Why?

A

No: growth began to stagnate, stunted by the flaws and inefficiencies in the system

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17
Q

Why did the Five year plans come about after the NEP?

A

Stalin’s rise to power meant they took place. It is unclear if he supported them for ideological reasons or for personal gain

18
Q

What happened in the First Five Year Plan? (1928-32)

A 
Heavy industry, neglecting consumer goods
Slave labour (from the Gulags) began to be used and there was a strong reward and ridicule system to motivate
19
Q

What happened in the Second Five Year Plan? (1933-37)

A

Initially set high targets but redirected due to Hitler’s threat
Consumer industry still neglected
Used more technical experts - success

20
Q

What happened in the Third Five Year Plan? (1938-…)

A

Focused on arms production to prepare for WW2

21
Q

Were the first three Five Year Plans a success? (1929-41)

A

A 17% growth rate, although was very unbalanced
Coal production tripled in a decade
Large impressive projects (Dnieper Dam) completed

22
Q

Why was agriculture collectivisation introduced by Stalin?

A

Needed increased production to support industry growth
Gain control of a politically distant class (Kulaks)
Peasants were hoarding much of their produce

23
Q

What was the process of agriculture collectivisation?

A

1927 - Voluntary collectivisation
1928 - Forced requisitioning began
Quickly after local party officials forcibly enforced collectivisation

24
Q

What did the communists promise peasants for collectivisation?

A

Higher production for themselves

Mechanisation though MTS’s ( Machine and Tractor Stations)

25
Q

What happened during ‘dekulakisation’? (1928-30’s)

A

Dekulakisation squads, party officials and members of Komsomol violently forced collectivisation and crushed resistance. Some troublesome villages bombed out of existence

26
Q

What were the results of dekulakisation? (1928-30’s)

A

Severe food shortages - kulaks burned crops and slaughtered their animals in protest
Increased requisitioning caused starvation - especially in Ukraine (Holodomor)
More peasants move to towns and cities
5-10million deaths overall

27
Q

What were the results of collectivisation? (1930’s)

A

Poor planning meant much inefficiency
Poor quality and amount of machinery
No incentive for peasants so low production

28
Q

What was the economy like in WW2?

A

War communism, relaxed communes and private trade slightly. All focus on rearmament
Women conscripted to work
Was very effective - 75,000 and 100,000 aur tanks produced 1943-45

29
Q

What was the state of the economy after WW2?

A

25million homeless and 70,000 villages destroyed (mainly in Western USSR)
Many jobless as released from the Red Army

30
Q

How did the economy recover after WW2?

(The Fourth Five Year Plan) - 1946-50

A

Rigid state control
Exploited Eastern Europe and Gulags
Focus still on heavy industry
Peasants could now sell their surplus within communes

31
Q

What happened in the Fifth Five Year Plan? (1951-55)

A

Cold War meant spending on arms increased

Grandiose projects such as the Volga-Dan Canal gave little economic value (covered in Stalin statues)

32
Q

Changes in industry under Khrushchev? (1953-64)

A

Sovnarkhozy set up to supervise enterprise
Work week reduced and labour laws relaxed
Change of focus to consumer goods and chemicals
Control decentralised to regional councils

33
Q

What happened in the Seven Year Plan? (1959-65)

A

Increase in chemical industry after new minerals discovered (synthetic fibre increase by 500%)
1st space satellite (Sputnick) challenges West
Success but did not meet ambitious targets
*(Annual growth rates 7% in 1950’s)

34
Q

What was Khrushchev’s agricultural reform?

A 
Local level decision making increased
MTS's abolished 
Collectives increase in size 
More freedom of trade and private land
Virgin Land Scheme
*(Overall a success) - food production increase 51%
35
Q

What was the Virgin Land Scheme? (1956)

A

Volunteers worked on new areas of agricultural land

unsuccessful as land infertile - grain had to be imported from N America (embarrassing)

36
Q

What were Brezhnev’s reforms in industry?

A

Power recentralised to GOSPLAN
Sabotaged the Kosygin reforms to prevent innovation
More scientific research
Focus on efficiency and quality

37
Q

What happened in the Ninth Five Year Plan? (1971-75)

A

Emphasis on consumer goods

85% of families had TV’s by 1980

38
Q

What were Brezhnev’s reforms in agriculture?

A 
Khrushchev's polices reversed
Large role of private plots
26% investment in agriculture 
Brigades introduced (groups working together)
*Rise in production, fall in efficiency
39
Q

What were Andrapov’s economic reforms? (1982-84)

A

Focus on corruption and labour discipline

Encouraged new ideas from public - little response as he was feared

40
Q

Why was there economic decline in the 1970’s-80’s?

A 
3% growth in 1970's
Lack of investment 
Outdated technology
Large area of USSR caused problems
Dominance of the military industrial complex (18%)

History Russia (4 decks)

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