Social Development (Sem 1) Flashcards
Secure Attachment
Child seeks comfort from the attachment figure.
Avoidant Attachment
Child shuts off their need for attachment.
These infants are often extremely distressed but don’t show it - they know showing wont elicit a reaction.
Ambivalent Attachment
Child has difficulties being soothed and don’t really know what they want.
Disorganised Attachment
Child behaves in contradictory ways that reflects their difficulty in understanding or predicting the way their attachment figure will behave.
Socialisation
The process by which children learn the rules, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour patterns of their society.
Cultural practices effect virtually every aspect of socialisation.
Gender Roles
One of the most powerful roles into which people are socialised are gender roles, which specify what behaviours are appropriate for males and females.
Authoritarian Parenting
Parents place a high value on obedience and respect to authority.
These styles usually sit on a continuum and change based on child, setting, age, etc. They’re not a ‘one-type-forever set-in-stone’ deal by any means.
Permissive Parenting
Parents who impose minimal control of children.
These styles usually sit on a continuum and change based on child, setting, age, etc. They’re not a ‘one-type-forever set-in-stone’ deal by any means.
Authoritative Parenting
Parents who enforce a standard but explain the standard and their beliefs, encouraging a mutual give-and-take relationship.
These styles usually sit on a continuum and change based on child, setting, age, etc. They’re not a ‘one-type-forever set-in-stone’ deal by any means.
Uninvolved Parenting
Parents who put their own needs ahead of the childs.
These styles usually sit on a continuum and change based on child, setting, age, etc. They’re not a ‘one-type-forever set-in-stone’ deal by any means.
Guidance Approach
Involves parents helping their children manage their emotions and learn considerate behaviours.
Social Cognition
A child’s understanding of themselves, others and relationships.
Children’s Social Cognition develops as they grow.
Perspective Taking
The ability to ‘see through someone else’s eyes’, to understand their viewpoints and perspectives.
This ability develops steadily
Gender Constancy
The knowledge that gender cannot be altered by changes in appearances or activities.
This develops over time.
Basic Trust vs Mistrust
Infants come to trust others or perceive them as hostile or unreliable.
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Toddlers come to experience themselves as independent sources of will and power or feel insecure in their newfound skills.
Initiative vs Guilt
Young children develop capacity to form and carry out plans but this makes them susceptible to guilt.
Industry vs Inferiority
School-age children develop feelings of competence but this makes them susceptible to feelings of inadequacy.
Identity vs Identity Confusion
The task of adolescence is to establish a firm belief / understanding of who you are, your values and your beliefs.
Intimacy vs Isolation
During young adulthood the task is to establish enduring, committed relationships.
Generativity vs Stagnation
Middle-aged individuals attempt to pass something on to the next generation.
Integrity vs Despair
People look back on their lives, either with a sense of satisfaction or sadness and regret.
Homoeostasis
A tendency to monitor variables relevant to survival, detect deviations from these goals and respond with corrective mechanisms.
(Like people with social anxiety being scared of jeopardizing their relationships by doing or saying stupid things so their body responds with an interrupt mechanism so they shush)
Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment
He proposed an evolutionary theory of attachment, he argued that attachment behaviour is prewired in humans – to keep immature animals (infants) close to their parents.
Imprinting
A tendency for a young animal to follow an animal in which they where exposed to in a sensitive period of early lives. Creates security and teaches infant a lot about survival.
Internal Working Models
Mental maps of how things are supposed to work based on our experiences - often they’re unconscious.
In the content of social development our internal working models are usually based off of our upbringing and largely determine what we expect from other close / intimate relationships.
Infant Temperaments
Infants typically have one of three temperaments; easy, difficult and slow to warm up.
This roughly coincides with the attachment styles secure, avoidant and ambivalent, respectively.
One thing that also determines a babies attachment style is their caregivers sensitivity to their emotion.
Predicts behaviours such as self-control, peer acceptance, competent behaviour in the classroom and academic achievement.
Sex vs Gender
A biological categorization based on anatomical features.
vs
A psychological meaning of being male or female, influenced by learning
Sex Typing
The process by which children acquire personality traits, emotional responses, skills, behaviours and preferences that are culturally considered appropriate to their sex.
Neglected Children
Children that are ignored by their peers.
Rejected Children
Children who are ostracised and bullied.
Self-concept in Toddlers
Toddlers tend to categorise themselves in various concrete dimensions.
Mainly age, gender, appearance, membership group and material possessions.
Self-concept in Children
Children begin to develop their concept of self-based on their skills, traits and how they usually feel, these judgements usually come when comparing themselves to others (“I’m the best skateboarder in my school”).
Self-concept in Adolescence
representations of the self become more subtle as we become more aware of our emotional states and how we are perceived.
(“I seem really shy on the outside, but inside I’m really involved when I’m with people, thinking a lot about what they are saying and doing. And with people I’m comfortable with, I probably don’t seem shy at all”).
