Social Development (Sem 1)

Question 1

Secure Attachment

Answer 1

Child seeks comfort from the attachment figure.

Question 2

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 2

Child shuts off their need for attachment.

These infants are often extremely distressed but don’t show it - they know showing wont elicit a reaction.

Question 3

Ambivalent Attachment

Answer 3

Child has difficulties being soothed and don’t really know what they want.

Question 4

Disorganised Attachment

Answer 4

Child behaves in contradictory ways that reflects their difficulty in understanding or predicting the way their attachment figure will behave.

Question 5

Socialisation

Answer 5

The process by which children learn the rules, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour patterns of their society.
Cultural practices effect virtually every aspect of socialisation.

Question 6

Gender Roles

Answer 6

One of the most powerful roles into which people are socialised are gender roles, which specify what behaviours are appropriate for males and females.

Question 7

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 7

Parents place a high value on obedience and respect to authority.

These styles usually sit on a continuum and change based on child, setting, age, etc. They’re not a ‘one-type-forever set-in-stone’ deal by any means.

Question 8

Permissive Parenting

Answer 8

Parents who impose minimal control of children.

These styles usually sit on a continuum and change based on child, setting, age, etc. They’re not a ‘one-type-forever set-in-stone’ deal by any means.

Question 9

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 9

Parents who enforce a standard but explain the standard and their beliefs, encouraging a mutual give-and-take relationship.

These styles usually sit on a continuum and change based on child, setting, age, etc. They’re not a ‘one-type-forever set-in-stone’ deal by any means.

Question 10

Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 10

Parents who put their own needs ahead of the childs.

These styles usually sit on a continuum and change based on child, setting, age, etc. They’re not a ‘one-type-forever set-in-stone’ deal by any means.

Question 11

Guidance Approach

Answer 11

Involves parents helping their children manage their emotions and learn considerate behaviours.

Question 12

Social Cognition

Answer 12

A child’s understanding of themselves, others and relationships.
Children’s Social Cognition develops as they grow.

Question 13

Perspective Taking

Answer 13

The ability to ‘see through someone else’s eyes’, to understand their viewpoints and perspectives.
This ability develops steadily

Question 14

Gender Constancy

Answer 14

The knowledge that gender cannot be altered by changes in appearances or activities.
This develops over time.

Question 15

Basic Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 15

Infants come to trust others or perceive them as hostile or unreliable.

Question 16

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Answer 16

Toddlers come to experience themselves as independent sources of will and power or feel insecure in their newfound skills.

Question 17

Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 17

Young children develop capacity to form and carry out plans but this makes them susceptible to guilt.

Question 18

Industry vs Inferiority

Answer 18

School-age children develop feelings of competence but this makes them susceptible to feelings of inadequacy.

Question 19

Identity vs Identity Confusion

Answer 19

The task of adolescence is to establish a firm belief / understanding of who you are, your values and your beliefs.

Question 20

Intimacy vs Isolation

Answer 20

During young adulthood the task is to establish enduring, committed relationships.

Question 21

Generativity vs Stagnation

Answer 21

Middle-aged individuals attempt to pass something on to the next generation.

Question 22

Integrity vs Despair

Answer 22

People look back on their lives, either with a sense of satisfaction or sadness and regret.

Question 23

Homoeostasis

Answer 23

A tendency to monitor variables relevant to survival, detect deviations from these goals and respond with corrective mechanisms.

(Like people with social anxiety being scared of jeopardizing their relationships by doing or saying stupid things so their body responds with an interrupt mechanism so they shush)

Question 24

Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment

Answer 24

He proposed an evolutionary theory of attachment, he argued that attachment behaviour is prewired in humans – to keep immature animals (infants) close to their parents.

Question 25

Imprinting

Answer 25

A tendency for a young animal to follow an animal in which they where exposed to in a sensitive period of early lives. Creates security and teaches infant a lot about survival.

Question 26

Internal Working Models

Answer 26

Mental maps of how things are supposed to work based on our experiences - often they’re unconscious.

In the content of social development our internal working models are usually based off of our upbringing and largely determine what we expect from other close / intimate relationships.

Question 27

Infant Temperaments

Answer 27

Infants typically have one of three temperaments; easy, difficult and slow to warm up.
This roughly coincides with the attachment styles secure, avoidant and ambivalent, respectively.

One thing that also determines a babies attachment style is their caregivers sensitivity to their emotion.

Predicts behaviours such as self-control, peer acceptance, competent behaviour in the classroom and academic achievement.

Question 28

Sex vs Gender

Answer 28

A biological categorization based on anatomical features.
vs
A psychological meaning of being male or female, influenced by learning

Question 29

Sex Typing

Answer 29

The process by which children acquire personality traits, emotional responses, skills, behaviours and preferences that are culturally considered appropriate to their sex.

Question 30

Neglected Children

Answer 30

Children that are ignored by their peers.

Question 31

Rejected Children

Answer 31

Children who are ostracised and bullied.

Question 32

Self-concept in Toddlers

Answer 32

Toddlers tend to categorise themselves in various concrete dimensions.
Mainly age, gender, appearance, membership group and material possessions.

Question 33

Self-concept in Children

Answer 33

Children begin to develop their concept of self-based on their skills, traits and how they usually feel, these judgements usually come when comparing themselves to others (“I’m the best skateboarder in my school”).

Question 34

Self-concept in Adolescence

Answer 34

representations of the self become more subtle as we become more aware of our emotional states and how we are perceived.

(“I seem really shy on the outside, but inside I’m really involved when I’m with people, thinking a lot about what they are saying and doing. And with people I’m comfortable with, I probably don’t seem shy at all”).