Social Development Lecture 1 Flashcards
Given all the complexities,
controversies, and
influences on with
intelligence /IQ scores…
How might we improve IQ
testing?
- Improvements in the test
structure/design? - Efforts to counteract stereotype
threat - Dynamic assessment → goal is
to examine learning potential,
test how much a child can learn
with assistance - Shift how we think about IQ?
- How IQ scores are interpreted
- Encourage growth mindset?
what was the sun et al 2021 paper looking at?
Sun et al. (2021)→ are there cultural differences in mindsets, and in the association between mindsets and better academic performance?
- in China it might be more common
common to think about
intelligence as an innate
ability- fixed - In China, the belief of intelligence and academic success as due to
“innate” ability? - Compared to US, Chinese youth more likely to link
learning/achievement to “purposes of life” vs to intelligence?
generally no relationship in china between *
fixed/growth correlating to better grades
*
the better the academic
performance
Compared to US, Chinese youth were more likely to have fixed
mindsets about intelligence
* For US youth, mindset associated with math scores but for
Chinese youth, no correlation!
what are differences in intelligence mindsets across cultures?
Differences across cultures
* More impact for low-
achieving students
* When teachers and peers
are also supportive of growth
mindset beliefs
* When contexts allow for
growth!
*Growth mindset does not predict better grades
across all cultures
What is Freud’s Theory of Psychosocial development?
Understanding the causes of
illness, “nervous disorder”
(issues with development)
- Born with powerful urges
- Sexual and aggressive desires
- Unconscious
- Biological drives in conflict with
reality and societal expectations - How conflict is resolved leaves
imprint
(id (bio erges) weighed against superego (societal
expectations) and your ego balances these 2)
What are the theories of social development? What do they differ in?
Freud’s Theory of
Psychosexual Development
Erikson’s Theory of
Psychosocial Development
Bronfenbrenner’s
Bioecological Model
Differ in focus on how/how much external contexts play a role in development
Differ in whether development progresses through stages, or in a more continuous fashion.
Out of the theories of social development which one is most internal? Which one is most external?
Freud’s Theory of
Psychosexual Development - Internal
Bronfenbrenner’s
Bioecological Model - external
What are Freud’s stages of Psychosexual development?
Oral (0-18 months)
- id (pleasure principle)
(you can’t just put things in your mouth all the time)
Anal (18 months - 3 years)
- ego (reality principle)
(potty training in reality-
based ways)
Phallic
( 3 years - 6 years)
(superego morality principles)
Latency
(6 years - 12 years)
Genital
(12 + years)
What is the legacy of Freud’s psychosexual theory?
Most ideas not supported by
current research
* Many ideas too vague to test!
* But, important legacy!
* Role of early experience
* Importance of parent-child
relationships
* Led to development of other
comprehensive theories of
development
cant go back in time to test infants on these things
What is Erikson’s Psychosocial theory?
- Focused on the ego argued
it does more than just balance
the id/superego - Social & environmental factors
interact with the ego to shape
development - Each period of life has a
central psychosocial crisis: a
challenge that we must face
Match the Statements with Erikson’s stages.
Can I trust the world?
Can I control my Behaviours?
Can i become independent of my parents?
Can I master the skills I need to
adapt?
Who am I?
Can I give myself fully to another?
What can I offer generations to follow? What am I doing for society?
Have I found contentment and satisfaction?
Can I trust the world? = Trust vs Mistrust
infancy
Can I control my Behaviours? = Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
toddlerhood
Can i become independent of my parents? = Initiative vs Guilt early childhood
Can I master the skills I need to
adapt? = Industry vs Inferiority
middle childhood (master reading, writing, etc)
Who am I? = Identity vs Role Confusion
adolescence
Can I give myself fully to another? = Intimacy vs Isolation
young adult
What can I offer generations to follow? What am I doing for society?
Generativity vs Stagnation
middle age
Have I found contentment and satisfaction?
Integrity vs Despair
old age
What are Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial theory?
Integrity vs Despair
old age
Generativity vs Stagnation
middle age
Intimacy vs Isolation
young adult
Identity vs Role Confusion
adolescence
Industry vs Inferiority
middle childhood (master reading, writing, etc)
(society is now expecting you to do certain skills. As you get older there is an expectation that you need ot read and write etc. )
Initiative vs Guilt
early childhood
(Can i become independent, these are thinking a lot about family influences)
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
toddlerhood (these are thinking a lot about family influences)
Trust vs Mistrust
infancy
What is the legacy of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
- Importance of identity
development - >
particularly in
adolescence!
(he highligthed identity as a central conflict in adolescence.)
(Freud’s theory is infliuential in that it said what happens to you as a child matters, Erkison says what happened to you as a child, teenager, young adult etc. matters!)
- Lifespan development
- Development beyond
childhood!
What is an important difference between Freud and Erikson’s Theories?
something important about erikson’s theory is that it goes beyond adolescence whereas freud’s doesn’t/
What are critiques of Erikson’s theory?
- Critiques:
- Underestimates cultural
influences - Ideas often vague
it tends to underestimate cultural influences and argues that this central conflict at each stage is universal? Doesn’t necessarily get into the nuance that certain cultures might place different expectations at different ages.
