Social Development Issues 🩺 Flashcards
What are indicators of social development?
- Life expectancy: average age people expected to live to from birth
- Infant Mortality Rates: the number of babies who die before their first birthday
- obesity: number of people with a bmi of over 30 per 1000 of population
- people per doctor: how many doctors per thousand people
- literacy rate: percentage who can read and write
- HDI:
• length of schooling
• literacy rates
•GNI
• income per capita
Do social development concerning gender bc the exam board will love it xx
Indication of inequalities:
• male vs female literacy rate
• fertility rate
• male vs female life expectancy
• male vs female food consumption
• employment and salary
What is GDI?
Gender development index
• measures:
Reproductive health, empowerment, economic status
• EXPOSE DISPARITY
What factors have lead to higher and lower birth rates?
INC
• women lack education and PSHE
• high infant mortality rate
• extreme poverty (for labour)
• improvements to diet
DEC
• women furthering careers instead of preggers
• vaccination programmes for children
• cost of living
• birth control
What factors have lead to higher and lower mortality rates?
INC
• covid 19 and other diseases such as malaria present in LICs
• lack of government funding to cope
DEC
• vaccinations
• education
• water supply
What are causes of child labour?
• extreme poverty- go out to earn money
• AIDS and other diseases have lead to an increased amount of orphaned children
• cannot afford an education
What are effects of child labour?
• 22,000 children die in work related accidents early
• damaging effects on children’s health
• malnutrition= growth deficiencies
• unable to attend school
Name some organisations who are tackling child labour
International Labour Organisation
• monitor progress using data and advise governments on how reduced child labour can be achieved in their country. Inc:
• improved access to free education
• more trade unions
• improving social security systems
• promoting public awareness
• UN- conventions to tackle child labour ie convention 138 on minimum age for employment
• international world day against child labour
Give an example of child labour :(
India- 2011 census, 101.1 million children working in child labour. 62% are girls.
Explain education inequality across genders
• 65 million girls across the world are out of school
REASONS:
• high cost of school fees
• many young girls expected to marry young and forced into prostitution- MENTION THE GIRL EFFECT
• patriarchy
• large families- boys sent instead
• lack of PSHE and awareness
• government- ie Taliban in Afghanistan
Give a short case study summarising this gender inequality
INDIA
2022, women : men literacy = 69 : 83
Reasons: all before but in particular patriarchal CASTE SYSTEM
Tackle issue: female empowerment, PSHE, establishment of Bal Sabhas (girls councils) in all schools
How can this inequality of ge be reduced?
•women’s empowerment
• improved PSHE
• equal pay and rights for women in employment
• FREE EDUCATION FOR ALL
Describe the girl effect :)
• massive issue is that girls forced out of school by 12, into marriage by 14, pregnancy by 15, prostitution by 16+
• if just one girl, has her rights protected, she can get a full education, go into employment, have children when she chooses, and give them the financial stability and the same opportunities
• over generations, inequalities disappear
• solve SO MANY ISSUES surrounding poverty
• takes only one girl
GET THIS INTO UR EXAM
Give some reasons why people become asylum seekers.
PUSH FACTORS- (asylum seekers)
• conflict
• natural disasters
• persecution
• political change
• unemployment
PULL FACTORS- (economic migrants)
• better employment
• better salary
• free healthcare/ education
Asylum seeker= flees country
Refugees= legally allowed to stay
Give a case study surrounding refugees.
LEBANON
• already a poor country (low GNI)
• civil war in Syria- 1.1 million refugees
> harsh living conditions
• move to Lebanon- 30% population refugees
• not enough work and scarce H2O
• costs them 4.5 billion dollars a year
= DETRIMENTAL TO DEVELOPMENT AND CAUSES INFLATION IN HEALTHCARE, SCHOOLS, ETC
What is the government doing to tackle refugee crisis?
• Germany and Sweden= victims and welcomed them
• Schengen zone (1995) movement easier as passeports do not have to be shown= free movement
• reduce the amount of illegal immigrants= less death :)
What is Malaria
What issues does Malaria cause
• vector transmitted disease- can be fatal. Symptoms include headache, nausea, fever and muscle pain
• protist disease
• 1 child dies every minute from Malaria
• 3.2 billion people at risk, mostly in Africa. For affected families, 1/4 income spent on treatment.
• 8000 people die a year
• people in rural communities at greater risk bc agriculture
• DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN MALARIA AND POVERTY- COST LIMITS DEVELOPMENT- 1.3% budget spent a year
• Ill people not working
How has a country tackled Malaria?
UGANDA
• indoor residual spraying= indirectly benefits others
• LOCAL PPL
• education through radio and religious leaders= improves acceptance
• INDIRECTLY BENEFITS OTHERS
• also the nets are pretty sick- t drop 23%
• destroying places where vectors reproduce
What are some global fixes of Malaria?
• CO-OP OF HICS:
• GSKs develop new medicines, 20% profit goes to imp access of antimalarial drugs
• RDTs- cheap, easy to use, early diagnosis
• FIGHTING THE BITING- more money means more people in work, less death- investing in this ‘forgotten epidemic’ is essential to development
• eventually tools ineffective so must go 100%
• GATES- ~250 billion
What is HIV/AIDS and what challenges has it caused? Why is it particularly prevalent in Sub Saharan Africa?
• HIV= human immunodeficiency virus which leads to a defective immune system. Late stage= AIDS
• No cure, can be MANAGED with antiretroviral drugs if diagnosed early enough
• causes orphans bc parents die
• child labour and poverty
• reduced population growth
• AGAIN, DETRIMENTAL TO DEVELOPMENT AS LESS PPL IN WORK MEANS LESS TAX
• caused by CULTURE:
- stigma and government
- hyenas in Malawi=> old men
- head shaving
• poverty= lack of education
• distrust of western medicine
• poor maternal care
• poor access
How have a country tackled HIV/ AIDS crisis?
UGANDA
• public info boards
• EDUCATION
• Chibolya anti aids club- performances to promote awareness
• FREE ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS= make them themselves, can build economy
HOWEVER
• due to cultural stigma, seen in ‘The Mango Tree’, women are still refusing to get tested
what are global fixes to the HIVAIDS crisis!
• education, particularly to men to eradicate cultural stigma
• aid
• provision of ARVs to support development but more importantly, EDUCATION on how to create them themselves- more culturally and environmentally sustainable
• RDTs
• charities, ie the Egmont Trust
Explain some different ways to approach helping a country develop.
Top down- ie HIV in Mawali- where government make decisions and communities have little say. Advantages include may be let of a larger plan to help country sustainably develop
HOWEVER
⭐️ bottom up- ie WaterAid-decisions made up local ppl and allowing communities to help themselves. Advantages are they are small scale and cost less, as well as meeting the needs of a community
Give an example of a bottom up approach-
• WaterAid Mawali
• British charity working with Malawian government to provide clean water and sanitation
• train local people to operate, manage and install these pumps so it will be sustainable to people of the village
• saves time and is way more sustainable than a large scale project
• Another example is the water roundabout play-pump by roundabout outdoor.
• African solution for an African problem- ultra sustainable
How is progress of development measured?
• millennium development goals- examples include eradicating poverty, universal education and reducing child mortality. 27/34 countries made 50% or more progress
• sustainable development goals- 17 goals that aim to end poverty, promote peace and protect planet. Put in place in 2016 and constantly monitored but UNDP
• HDI- indicator which looks at life expectancy at birth, expected years, schooling for school age children and GNI
