Social Development in Infants/Toddlers 1

Question 1

Attachment to caregivers support which three important developments?

Answer 1

the child’s exploration, sense of independence, and expanding social relationships

Question 2

A healthy outcome during infancy depended on what according to Freud? According to Erikson?

Answer 2

Freud:
Erikson: the quality of caregiving

Question 3

What are the 4 signs of quality of caregiving according to Erikson?

Answer 3

• relieving discomfort promptly and sensitively
• holding the infant gently
• waiting patiently until the baby has and enough milk
• weaning when the infant shows less interest in breast or bottle

Question 4

Why did Erikson focus on the balance of care rather than perfect high-quality caregiving?

Answer 4

because no parent can be perfectly in tune with the baby’s needs

Question 5

basic trust versus mistrust

Answer 5

the psychological conflict of the first year

Question 6

How is basic trust versus mistrust resolved positively?

Answer 6

the balance of care is sympathetic and loving

Question 7

Describe a trustful baby.

Answer 7

feels confident about venturing out and exploring it and emerges from the stage well-prepared for the challenges of toddlerhood

Question 8

Describe a mistrustful baby.

Answer 8

cannot count on the kindness and compassion of others, so she protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her

Question 9

What do toddlers’ demands to do things for themselves reveal?

Answer 9

that they have entered a new period of budding selfhood

Question 10

autonomy versus shame & doubt

Answer 10

the conflict of toddlerhood

Question 11

How is autonomy versus shame & doubt resolved positively?

Answer 11

it is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices

Question 12

Describe a autonomous toddler.

Answer 12

self-confident with assertions of independence

Question 13

Describe a shamed toddler.

Answer 13

a child who doubts his ability to control his impulses and act competently on his own

Question 14

To what must people attend in order to infer emotion accurately?

Answer 14

multiple interacting expressive cues – vocal, facial, and gestural – and see how the vary across situations believed to elicit different emotions

Question 15

basic emotions

Answer 15

universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival

Question 16

What are the the 7 basic emotions?

Answer 16

happiness
interest
surprise
fear
anger
sadness
disgust

Question 17

When can infants communicate emotions via combinations of face, gaze, voice, and posture?

Answer 17

6 months

Question 18

social smile

Answer 18

parent’s communication evokes a broad grin

Question 19

When does social smile emerge?

Answer 19

between 6 and 10 weeks

Question 20

When does laughter first emerge?

Answer 20

around 3 to 4 months

Question 21

What prompts laughter at first? Later on?

Answer 21

• very active stimuli

- events with subtler elements of surprise

Question 22

When does both smiling and laughter become more common with familiar people?

Answer 22

around the middle of the first year

Question 23

Wen do angry expressions increase in frequency and intensity? Why?

Answer 23

• from 4 to 6 months into the second year

- they react with a wider range of emotions

Question 24

What prompts sadness?

Answer 24

infants being deprived of a familiar, loving caregiver and when parent-infant interaction is seriously disrupted

Question 25

stranger anxiety

Answer 25

the most frequent expression of fear to unfamiliar adults

Question 26

secure base

Answer 26

a point from which the infant can explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional suppport

Question 27

When does fear rise?

Answer 27

during the second half of the first year

Question 28

What commonly causes fear to rise?

Answer 28

unfamiliar adults

Question 29

What strategies can reduce stranger anxiety?

Answer 29

• expressing warmth
• holding out an attractive toy
• playing a familiar game
• approaching slowly rather that abruptly

Question 30

When do infants become sensitive to face-to-face interactions and what do the expect from them?

Answer 30

• around 3 to 4 months

- their social partner to respond in kind, and they reply with positive vocal and emotional reactions

Question 31

social referencing

Answer 31

actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

Question 32

self-conscious emotions

Answer 32

a second, higher-order set of feelings that involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self

Question 33

What are the 5 self-conscious emotions?

Answer 33

guilt
shame
embarrassment
envy
pride

Question 34

When do self-conscious emotions emerge?

Answer 34

during the middle of the second year, 18 to 24 month olds

Question 35

What two components are required for self-conscious emotions?

Answer 35

self-awareness and adult instruction

Question 36

emotional self-regulation

Answer 36

the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals

Question 37

What is effortful control and what is required to develop it?

Answer 37

• voluntary, effortful management of emotions

- development of the prefrontal cortex and the assistance of caregivers