Social Development in Infants/Toddlers 1 Flashcards
Attachment to caregivers support which three important developments?
the child’s exploration, sense of independence, and expanding social relationships
A healthy outcome during infancy depended on what according to Freud? According to Erikson?
Freud:
Erikson: the quality of caregiving
What are the 4 signs of quality of caregiving according to Erikson?
- relieving discomfort promptly and sensitively
- holding the infant gently
- waiting patiently until the baby has and enough milk
- weaning when the infant shows less interest in breast or bottle
Why did Erikson focus on the balance of care rather than perfect high-quality caregiving?
because no parent can be perfectly in tune with the baby’s needs
basic trust versus mistrust
the psychological conflict of the first year
How is basic trust versus mistrust resolved positively?
the balance of care is sympathetic and loving
Describe a trustful baby.
feels confident about venturing out and exploring it and emerges from the stage well-prepared for the challenges of toddlerhood
Describe a mistrustful baby.
cannot count on the kindness and compassion of others, so she protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her
What do toddlers’ demands to do things for themselves reveal?
that they have entered a new period of budding selfhood
autonomy versus shame & doubt
the conflict of toddlerhood
How is autonomy versus shame & doubt resolved positively?
it is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices
Describe a autonomous toddler.
self-confident with assertions of independence
Describe a shamed toddler.
a child who doubts his ability to control his impulses and act competently on his own
To what must people attend in order to infer emotion accurately?
multiple interacting expressive cues – vocal, facial, and gestural – and see how the vary across situations believed to elicit different emotions
basic emotions
universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival
What are the the 7 basic emotions?
happiness interest surprise fear anger sadness disgust
When can infants communicate emotions via combinations of face, gaze, voice, and posture?
6 months
social smile
parent’s communication evokes a broad grin
When does social smile emerge?
between 6 and 10 weeks
When does laughter first emerge?
around 3 to 4 months
What prompts laughter at first? Later on?
- very active stimuli
- events with subtler elements of surprise
When does both smiling and laughter become more common with familiar people?
around the middle of the first year
Wen do angry expressions increase in frequency and intensity? Why?
- from 4 to 6 months into the second year
- they react with a wider range of emotions
What prompts sadness?
infants being deprived of a familiar, loving caregiver and when parent-infant interaction is seriously disrupted
stranger anxiety
the most frequent expression of fear to unfamiliar adults
secure base
a point from which the infant can explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional suppport
When does fear rise?
during the second half of the first year
What commonly causes fear to rise?
unfamiliar adults
What strategies can reduce stranger anxiety?
- expressing warmth
- holding out an attractive toy
- playing a familiar game
- approaching slowly rather that abruptly
When do infants become sensitive to face-to-face interactions and what do the expect from them?
- around 3 to 4 months
- their social partner to respond in kind, and they reply with positive vocal and emotional reactions
social referencing
actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation
self-conscious emotions
a second, higher-order set of feelings that involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self
What are the 5 self-conscious emotions?
guilt shame embarrassment envy pride
When do self-conscious emotions emerge?
during the middle of the second year, 18 to 24 month olds
What two components are required for self-conscious emotions?
self-awareness and adult instruction
emotional self-regulation
the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals
What is effortful control and what is required to develop it?
- voluntary, effortful management of emotions
- development of the prefrontal cortex and the assistance of caregivers
