Physical Development in Infants/Toddlers 2 Flashcards
What is learning?
changes in behavior as the result of experience
classical conditioning
a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
UCS & UCR
unconditioned stimulus must consistently produce a reflexive or unconditioned response
What makes classical conditioning possible in infants?
newborn reflexes
How does classical conditioning make the environment more orderly and predictable?
it helps infants recognize which events usually occur together in the everyday world
What is a neural stimulus and how is it used?
it does not lead to the reflex and is presented just before or at about the same time as the UCS
CS
learning has occurred and the neutral stimulus alone produces a response similar to the reflexive response
CR
the response a CS elicits
What is extinction and how does it happen?
if the CS is presented alone enough times without being paired with the UCS the CR will no longer occur
At what age does fear become easy to condition? Why is it difficult to condition fear before that age?
- after 6 months
- until then they don’t have the motor skills to escape unpleasant events they have no biological need to form these associations
operant conditioning
infants act or operate on the environment and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability the the behavior will occur again
reinforcer
a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response
punishment
removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response
habituation
a gradual reduction in strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
recovery
a new stimulus–a change in the environment–causes responsiveness to return to a high level
What is the difference between recent memory and remote memory?
recent memory is recovery to a new stimulus but remote memory is memory for a stimuli to to which infants were expose weeks or months earlier
imitation
copying the behavior of another person
gross motor development
refers to control over actions that help infants get around in the environment such as crawling, standing, and walking
fine motor development
has to do with smaller movement such as reaching and grasping
dynamic systems theory of motor development
mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action; when motor skills work as a system separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment
Why is it especially important for Western parents and caregivers to regularly expose babies to the tummy-lying position during waking hours?
to prevent delays in rolling, sitting, and crawling
Which motor skill plays the largest role in infant cognitive development? Why?
- reaching
- by grasping things, turning them over, and seeing what happens when they are released, infants learn a great deal about the sights, sounds, and feel of objects
Define prereaching. What is the age range for this behavior?
- poorly coordinated swipes toward and object in front of them
- newborn to 7 weeks
When does purposeful reaching appear? What motor skills are required first?
- 3 to 4 months
- eye, head, and shoulder control
When can infants reach for an object in a darkened room?
5 to 6 months
What is proprioception?
our sense of movement and location in space, arising from stimuli within the body
What is the difference between 4, 5 and 7 month old babies in how they reach?
- aim their reaches ahead of a moving object so they can catch it
- reduce their efforts when an object is moved beyond their reach
- the arms become more independent and infants reach for an object by extending one arm rather than both
ulnar grasp
a clumsy motion in which the young infant’s fingers close against the palm
pincer grasp
infants use the thumb and index finger in a well-coordinated grasp
What milestones are required before it is appropriate to begin toilet training?
consistently being able to identify the signals from a full bladder or rectum and wait for the right place to open these muscles
What are the 3 signs of readiness for toilet training?
- stays dry for several hours at a time
- stops playing during urination or a bowel movement
- toddler is bothered by a wet or full diaper
What are the 3 signs of readiness for toilet training?
- stays dry for several hours at a time
- stops playing during urination or a bowel movement
- toddler is bothered by a wet or full diaper
What are the 3 signs of readiness for toilet training?
- stays dry for several hours at a time
- stops playing during urination or a bowel movement
- toddler is bothered by a wet or full diaper
What are the 3 signs of readiness for toilet training?
- stays dry for several hours at a time
- stops playing during urination or a bowel movement
- toddler is bothered by a wet or full diaper
Which sense is poorly developed at birth?
vision
How do 1 month olds differ from 2 to 3 month olds in what features of an object they look at?
- 1 month olds stare at separate parts of a pattern and only focus on single high-contrast features
- 2 to 3 month olds thoroughly explore a pattern’s internal features pausing briefly to look at each part
What are the 3 depth cues to which infants are sensitive? How does each one work?
- motion
- binocular dept cues
- pictorial depth cues
Which sense is poorly developed at birth?
vision
What is the minimum age before which toilet training should not start because it would simply take longer?
27 months
What 3 toilet training techniques are most effective? What technique is ineffective?
- establishing regular toileting routines
- using gentle encouragement
- praising children fro their efforts
-pressuring too much
Which sense is poorly developed at birth?
vision
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
sensation is a fairly passive process and perception is an active one
When do infants develop a sense of musical phrasing?
between 4 and 7 months
When can infants distinguish tunes on the basis of variations in rhythmic patterns?
6 to 7 months
When can infants recognize the same melody played in different keys?
at the end of the first year
At what age do infants become sensitive to syllable stress patterns in their own language?
around 5 months
When do infants start to screen out sounds not used in their own language?
between 6 to 8 months
When do infants show sensitivity to individual words?
7 to 9 months
When can infants detect regular syllable stress patterns? When can they detect irregular syllable stress patterns?
- 7 to 8 months
- 10 months
What is depth perception? Why is it important? How is it tested in infants?
- the ability to judge the distance of objects from one another to ourselves
- necessary to understand the layout of the environment and for guiding motor activity
- visual cliff
What are the 3 depth cues to which infants are sensitive? How does each one work?
- motion
- binocular dept cues
- pictorial depth cues
contrast sensitivity
if babies are sensitive to the contrast in two or more patterns they prefer the one with more contrast
contrast
the difference in the amount of light between adjacent regions in a pattern
How do 1 month olds differ from 2 to 3 month olds in what features of an object they look at?
- 1 month olds stare at separate parts of a pattern and only focus on single high-contrast features
- 2 to 3 month olds thoroughly explore a pattern’s internal features pausing briefly to look at each part
shape constancy
perception of an object’s shape as stable despite changes in the shape projected on the retina
intermodal perception
make sense of running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor, and taste information perceiving them as integrated wholes
amodal sensory properties
information that is not specific to a single modality but that overlaps two or more sensory systems
