social development in adolescence 2

Question 1

social development that occurs during adolescence can be characterised as developmental tasks that emphasise?

Answer 1

development of autonomy, establishment of identity, future orientation

Question 2

what stage does Erikson believe identity vs. confusion is in his theory of psychological development?

Answer 2

5th final stage of ego

Question 3

is identity vs conclusion exclusive to adolescence?

Answer 3

no, distinctive not not exclusive

Question 4

what is the conflict centred on in the identity vs. confusion stage?

Answer 4

developing a personal identity

Question 5

In Erikson’s theory describe the features of Identity phase

Answer 5

it is the major personality attainment of adolescence, crucial step to becoming productive happy adult, who you are/what you value/direction in life, period of confusion and struggle for teens trying to figure all these things out

Question 6

what does finding your identity drive choices of?

Answer 6

vocation, interpersonal relationships, ethnic group membership, expression of ones sexual orientation, ideals

Question 7

what are the features of role confusion in adolescence?

Answer 7

weak sense of trust, little autonomy or initiative, little active exploration, failure to choose vocation that matches skills/interests, shallow, directionless

Question 8

what is the main concern if a teen doesn’t escape role confusion?

Answer 8

negative outcomes for their personal identity

Question 9

what are the 2 components in the establishment of identity?

Answer 9

self-concept, self-esteem

Question 10

refers to adolescent perception of own talents, goals, experiences =

Answer 10

self-concept

Question 11

relates to how one evaluates self worth =

Answer 11

self-esteem

Question 12

what are the changes in self-concept during adolescence?

Answer 12

unify separate traits into larger ones, contradicting traits expressed in different social situations. Later > traits combined into organised system, more emphasis on social virtues and being viewed (+)ly

Question 13

what are the changes in self-esteem during adolescence?

Answer 13

continues to differentiate, rises from mid to late adolescence, individual differences = increasingly stable

Question 14

what are new components teens deal with?

Answer 14

close friendships, romantic appeal, job competence

Question 15

what factors have been shown to affect self-esteem?

Answer 15

pubertal timing, parent child-rearing style, larger social environment (more pressure)

Question 16

high level of exploration + high level of commitment =

Answer 16

identity achievement

Question 17

high level of exploration + low level of commitment =

Answer 17

identity moratorium

Question 18

low level of exploration + high level of commitment =

Answer 18

identity foreclosure

Question 19

low level of exploration + low level of commitment =

Answer 19

identity diffusion

Question 20

what is the ideal identity status?

Answer 20

achieved an identity and commit to it > high level of exploration

Question 21

still exploring but low commitment about what identity they want to have =

Answer 21

identity moratorium

Question 22

low level of exploration to identity and have decided who they are and won’t be open to developing their identity more =

Answer 22

identity foreclosure

Question 23

all over the place but don’t explore or know how to find your identity, this non-stable identity has consequences =

Answer 23

identity diffusion

Question 24

what are characteristics of adolescents who have identity achievement?

Answer 24

high self esteem, open to alternative ideas/values, feel in control, view school/work as avenues for realising aspirations, more advanced moral reasoning, concerned with social justice

Question 25

what are characteristics of teens who are stuck in identity foreclosure?

Answer 25

passive with identity concerns, adjustment difficulties, dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style, resist info that threatens their position

Question 26

what are characteristics of teens that are long term diffused?

Answer 26

diffuse-avoidant cognitive style, entrust to luck/fate, risk of depression and suicide

Question 27

what factors affect identity development?

Answer 27

personality, family, peers, school/community/culture

Question 28

what are the components of identity development among ethic minority adolescents?

Answer 28

ethnic identity, acculturative stress, bicultural identity

Question 29

psychological distress resulting from conflict between minority and host culture =

Answer 29

acculturative stress

Question 30

formed by exploring and adopting values from both subculture and dominant culture (makes you more enriched) =

Answer 30

bicultural identity

Question 31

what are the ways in supporting healthy identity development?

Answer 31

warm open communication, innate higher level discussions, opportunities in EC activities/vocation training programmes/explore ethnic heritage, learn about cultures, talk to adults/peers who went through same thing

Question 32

describes the phenomenon of adolescents inability to distinguish between their perception of what others think about them and what people actually think in reality =

Answer 32

adolescent egocentrism

Question 33

what do Elkind discover about adolescent egocentrism?

Answer 33

adolescents focus mostly on their own perceptions/behaviours/appeatrance because of 'physiological metamorphic' they experience in this period

Question 34

give examples of the pubertal changes and developmental tasks that are associated with egocentrism

Answer 34

acquiring new mental capacities, separation from parents, formation of individuality

Question 35

what is the adolescent egocentrism belief of teens?

Answer 35

that other people notice their behaviours and appearance as much as they do

Question 36

according to Elkind, what are the 2 consequential mental constructions that adolescent egocentrism results in?

Answer 36

imaginary audience, personal fable

Question 37

teens believe others are as admiring or critical as they are of themselves which leads an audience to be created, teen is the focus of attention =

Answer 37

imaginary audience

Question 38

what does the construction of imaginary audiences play a consequential role in?

Answer 38

emergence of self consciousness in early adolescence

Question 39

what helps explain why adolescents usually seek privacy and feel reluctant to reveal themselves?

Answer 39

imaginary audience leads to self-consciousness > feel they are under constant critical scrutiny

Question 40

idea that adolescents have a complex set of beliefs and their own feelings are unique, they are special and immortal =

Answer 40

personal fable

Question 41

involves thoughts, feelings, behaviours regarding standards of right and wrong =

Answer 41

moral development

Question 42

what are the 3 stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Answer 42

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Question 43

each of the 3 stages has __ levels

Answer 43

2

Question 44

individual has no internalisation of moral value, children worry about avoiding punishment by adults, motivated by self interest = ________ reasoning

Answer 44

pre-conventional

Question 45

individuals abide by certain standards of others and are concerned with meeting external social expectations = _________ reasoning

Answer 45

conventional

Question 46

morality is completely internalised with universal ethical principles = _________ reasoning

Answer 46

post-conventional

Question 47

what are possible influences on Kohlberg's stages?

Answer 47

cognitive development, modelling, peer relations

Question 48

what are the criticisms of Kohlberg's moral development model?

Answer 48

moral reasoning may not lead to moral behaviour, excludes other moral values (caring), culturally biased, research is gendered (only on white privileged males)

Question 49

how is Kohlberg's model considered to be culturally biased?

Answer 49

although culture progresses through the stages in the same order, individuals in different cultures do so at different rates

Question 50

what did Gilligan's research look at in response to sex differences in moral reasoning?

Answer 50

womens responses to personal dilemmas in real and hypothetical situations

Question 51

how did Gilligan present moral development that contrasted with Kohlberg?

Answer 51

process of advancement through a universal series of increasingly complex patterns of thought

Question 52

what were Gilligan's findings?

Answer 52

both sexes use both caring and justice orientations, context affects use of care orientation

Question 53

what did Gilligan's work focus on?

Answer 53

sex differences in moral reasoning, perception of violence, resolution of sexual dilemmas and abortion decisions

Question 54

why did Gilligan's work pose a major challenge to Kohlberg's theory?

Answer 54

introduced a feminist perspective of moral development, his findings reveal a gender bias, not all females are less mature than boys

Question 55

tend to organise social relationships in a hierarchical order and subscribe to the morality of rights - men or women?

Answer 55

men

Question 56

value interpersonal connectedness, care, sensitivity and responsibility for people - men or women?

Answer 56

women

Question 57

concerns with matter of personal choice and grasp of fairness gets ______ during adolescence

Answer 57

stronger

Question 58

what are influences on moral reasoning?

Answer 58

personality, child rearing practices, schooling, peer interaction, culture, parenting

Question 59

what type of parenting is associated with moral maturity in adolescence?

Answer 59

authoritative, warm parenting

Question 60

why does peer interaction promote moral understanding?

Answer 60

interact with peers who present different viewpoints

Question 61

what type of cultures move through Kohlberg's stages more quickly and advance to higher levels?

Answer 61

industrialised cities compared to village societies

Question 62

what are qualities of parenting that produce moral adolescents?

Answer 62

warm, inductive disciple, involve children in decision, model moral behaviour, foster internal sense of morality

Question 63

degree to which morality is central to self-concept =

Answer 63

moral identity

Question 64

what type of disciple of parenting strengthens moral identity?

Answer 64

inductive

Question 65

give examples of + influences on moral identity

Answer 65

educational environments, opportunities for civic engagement

Question 66

formal religious involvement _______ as adolescents search for a personally meaningful identity

Answer 66

declines

Question 67

what has been found with teenagers who remain part of a religious community?

Answer 67

more involved in community service, less misconduct, lower rates of alcohol/drug use, less likely to engage in early sexual activity and antisocial behaviour

Question 68

in adolescence there is _______ gender stereotyping of attitudes and behaviour

Answer 68

increased (moves towards more traditional gender identity) then declines by late adolescence

Question 69

is gender typing stronger for boys or girls?

Answer 69

girls

Question 70

specific behaviours that parents use to socialise their children =

Answer 70

parenting practices

Question 71

emotional climate in which parents raise their children =

Answer 71

parenting style

Question 72

what are the 4 parenting styles?

Answer 72

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved

Question 73

what parenting style is the best for adolescent development?

Answer 73

authoritative

Question 74

what are the 3 main elements of authoritative parenting that work well?

Answer 74

warmth (related to responsiveness), structure (demandingness), autonomy support (demandingness) > COMBO OF WARMTH AND CONTROL

Question 75

what is pubertal maturation associated with?

Answer 75

increased emotional distance between teen and parent

Question 76

which parent has increased conflict with their teen when girl pubertal maturation and early boy maturation takes place?

Answer 76

mother

Question 77

what 3 things is puberty associated with?

Answer 77

adolescent autonomy, parent-child conflict, decreased closeness with parent

Question 78

what can a clash between immigrant parent culture and western culture lead to and what is this associated with?

Answer 78

acculturative stress (over independent decision making) > leads to decline in self-esteem

Question 79

what does the parent-child relationship quality predict?

Answer 79

mental health in adolescence

Question 80

mild conflict facilitates ______ and _______

Answer 80

identity, autonomy

Question 81

why is a drop in family time during adolescence not universal?

Answer 81

depends on culture

Question 82

less than __% of families with adolescents have seriously troubled relationships

Answer 82

10

Question 83

how do friendships change in adolescence?

Answer 83

number of best friends decline

Question 84

what are considered to be the most important characteristics in adolescent friendship?

Answer 84

intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty

Question 85

in what ways do teenage friendships tend to be alike?

Answer 85

identity status, educational aspirations, political beliefs, willingness to try drugs/engage in delinquency

Question 86

what does it mean if friendship closeness can lead to co-rumination?

Answer 86

obsessive thoughts > triggering anxiety/depression

Question 87

group of 5-8 members, similar in characteristics, more important to girls =

Answer 87

clique

Question 88

larger group made up of several cliques, based on reputation and stereotype =

Answer 88

crowd

Question 89

as dating increases, cliques and crowds _____ in importance

Answer 89

decline

Question 90

what is associated with dating too early?

Answer 90

drug use, delinquency, poor academic achievement

Question 91

what type of parenting acts as an antidote to unfavourable peer pressure?

Answer 91

authoritative

Question 92

what is the trajectory for delinquency in adolescence?

Answer 92

rises over early/mid adolescence and then declines

Question 93

what is the motivation for delinquency?

Answer 93

reward seeking, peer approval

Question 94

what factors are linked to delinquency?

Answer 94

peer pressure, poverty, illiteracy, pop explosion, lack of parental guidance

Question 95

what are strong predictors of arrests?

Answer 95

SES and ethnicity (tendency to arrest low SES ethnic minority groups more often than higher SES white and asian)

Question 96

what is chronic delinquency linked to?

Answer 96

difficult temperament, low IQ, academic failure, peer rejection, antisocial peers

Question 97

what are the 2 routes to adolescent delinquency and how do they differ?

Answer 97

early onset > behaviour begins in childhood, combined of biological risk factors and child-rearing practices / late onset > behaviour begins around puberty, conduct problems arise from peer context in early adolescence

Question 98

what is involved with treating serious offenders?

Answer 98

training parents in communication/monitoring/discipline strategies, providing experiences that improve cognitive and social skills

Question 99

what factors foster resilience in adolescence?

Answer 99

balance between family connection and separation, effective family problem solving, parental monitoring, school involvement, close friendships, high quality vocational education, culturally sensitive school/community, affiliation with religion, E.C activities/youth organisations/community service