social development in adolescence 2 Flashcards
social development that occurs during adolescence can be characterised as developmental tasks that emphasise?
development of autonomy, establishment of identity, future orientation
what stage does Erikson believe identity vs. confusion is in his theory of psychological development?
5th final stage of ego
is identity vs conclusion exclusive to adolescence?
no, distinctive not not exclusive
what is the conflict centred on in the identity vs. confusion stage?
developing a personal identity
In Erikson’s theory describe the features of Identity phase
it is the major personality attainment of adolescence, crucial step to becoming productive happy adult, who you are/what you value/direction in life, period of confusion and struggle for teens trying to figure all these things out
what does finding your identity drive choices of?
vocation, interpersonal relationships, ethnic group membership, expression of ones sexual orientation, ideals
what are the features of role confusion in adolescence?
weak sense of trust, little autonomy or initiative, little active exploration, failure to choose vocation that matches skills/interests, shallow, directionless
what is the main concern if a teen doesn’t escape role confusion?
negative outcomes for their personal identity
what are the 2 components in the establishment of identity?
self-concept, self-esteem
refers to adolescent perception of own talents, goals, experiences =
self-concept
relates to how one evaluates self worth =
self-esteem
what are the changes in self-concept during adolescence?
unify separate traits into larger ones, contradicting traits expressed in different social situations. Later > traits combined into organised system, more emphasis on social virtues and being viewed (+)ly
what are the changes in self-esteem during adolescence?
continues to differentiate, rises from mid to late adolescence, individual differences = increasingly stable
what are new components teens deal with?
close friendships, romantic appeal, job competence
what factors have been shown to affect self-esteem?
pubertal timing, parent child-rearing style, larger social environment (more pressure)
high level of exploration + high level of commitment =
identity achievement
high level of exploration + low level of commitment =
identity moratorium
low level of exploration + high level of commitment =
identity foreclosure
low level of exploration + low level of commitment =
identity diffusion
what is the ideal identity status?
achieved an identity and commit to it > high level of exploration
still exploring but low commitment about what identity they want to have =
identity moratorium
low level of exploration to identity and have decided who they are and won’t be open to developing their identity more =
identity foreclosure
all over the place but don’t explore or know how to find your identity, this non-stable identity has consequences =
identity diffusion
what are characteristics of adolescents who have identity achievement?
high self esteem, open to alternative ideas/values, feel in control, view school/work as avenues for realising aspirations, more advanced moral reasoning, concerned with social justice
what are characteristics of teens who are stuck in identity foreclosure?
passive with identity concerns, adjustment difficulties, dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style, resist info that threatens their position
what are characteristics of teens that are long term diffused?
diffuse-avoidant cognitive style, entrust to luck/fate, risk of depression and suicide
what factors affect identity development?
personality, family, peers, school/community/culture
what are the components of identity development among ethic minority adolescents?
ethnic identity, acculturative stress, bicultural identity
psychological distress resulting from conflict between minority and host culture =
acculturative stress
formed by exploring and adopting values from both subculture and dominant culture (makes you more enriched) =
bicultural identity
what are the ways in supporting healthy identity development?
warm open communication, innate higher level discussions, opportunities in EC activities/vocation training programmes/explore ethnic heritage, learn about cultures, talk to adults/peers who went through same thing
describes the phenomenon of adolescents inability to distinguish between their perception of what others think about them and what people actually think in reality =
adolescent egocentrism
what do Elkind discover about adolescent egocentrism?
adolescents focus mostly on their own perceptions/behaviours/appeatrance because of ‘physiological metamorphic’ they experience in this period
give examples of the pubertal changes and developmental tasks that are associated with egocentrism
acquiring new mental capacities, separation from parents, formation of individuality
what is the adolescent egocentrism belief of teens?
that other people notice their behaviours and appearance as much as they do
according to Elkind, what are the 2 consequential mental constructions that adolescent egocentrism results in?
imaginary audience, personal fable
teens believe others are as admiring or critical as they are of themselves which leads an audience to be created, teen is the focus of attention =
imaginary audience
what does the construction of imaginary audiences play a consequential role in?
emergence of self consciousness in early adolescence
what helps explain why adolescents usually seek privacy and feel reluctant to reveal themselves?
imaginary audience leads to self-consciousness > feel they are under constant critical scrutiny
idea that adolescents have a complex set of beliefs and their own feelings are unique, they are special and immortal =
personal fable
involves thoughts, feelings, behaviours regarding standards of right and wrong =
moral development
what are the 3 stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
each of the 3 stages has __ levels
2
individual has no internalisation of moral value, children worry about avoiding punishment by adults, motivated by self interest = ________ reasoning
pre-conventional
individuals abide by certain standards of others and are concerned with meeting external social expectations = _________ reasoning
conventional
morality is completely internalised with universal ethical principles = _________ reasoning
post-conventional
what are possible influences on Kohlberg’s stages?
cognitive development, modelling, peer relations
what are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s moral development model?
moral reasoning may not lead to moral behaviour, excludes other moral values (caring), culturally biased, research is gendered (only on white privileged males)
how is Kohlberg’s model considered to be culturally biased?
although culture progresses through the stages in the same order, individuals in different cultures do so at different rates
what did Gilligan’s research look at in response to sex differences in moral reasoning?
womens responses to personal dilemmas in real and hypothetical situations
how did Gilligan present moral development that contrasted with Kohlberg?
process of advancement through a universal series of increasingly complex patterns of thought
what were Gilligan’s findings?
both sexes use both caring and justice orientations, context affects use of care orientation
what did Gilligan’s work focus on?
sex differences in moral reasoning, perception of violence, resolution of sexual dilemmas and abortion decisions
why did Gilligan’s work pose a major challenge to Kohlberg’s theory?
introduced a feminist perspective of moral development, his findings reveal a gender bias, not all females are less mature than boys
tend to organise social relationships in a hierarchical order and subscribe to the morality of rights - men or women?
men
value interpersonal connectedness, care, sensitivity and responsibility for people - men or women?
women
concerns with matter of personal choice and grasp of fairness gets ______ during adolescence
stronger
what are influences on moral reasoning?
personality, child rearing practices, schooling, peer interaction, culture, parenting
what type of parenting is associated with moral maturity in adolescence?
authoritative, warm parenting
why does peer interaction promote moral understanding?
interact with peers who present different viewpoints
what type of cultures move through Kohlberg’s stages more quickly and advance to higher levels?
industrialised cities compared to village societies
what are qualities of parenting that produce moral adolescents?
warm, inductive disciple, involve children in decision, model moral behaviour, foster internal sense of morality
degree to which morality is central to self-concept =
moral identity
what type of disciple of parenting strengthens moral identity?
inductive
give examples of + influences on moral identity
educational environments, opportunities for civic engagement
formal religious involvement _______ as adolescents search for a personally meaningful identity
declines
what has been found with teenagers who remain part of a religious community?
more involved in community service, less misconduct, lower rates of alcohol/drug use, less likely to engage in early sexual activity and antisocial behaviour
in adolescence there is _______ gender stereotyping of attitudes and behaviour
increased (moves towards more traditional gender identity) then declines by late adolescence
is gender typing stronger for boys or girls?
girls
specific behaviours that parents use to socialise their children =
parenting practices
emotional climate in which parents raise their children =
parenting style
what are the 4 parenting styles?
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved
what parenting style is the best for adolescent development?
authoritative
what are the 3 main elements of authoritative parenting that work well?
warmth (related to responsiveness), structure (demandingness), autonomy support (demandingness) > COMBO OF WARMTH AND CONTROL
what is pubertal maturation associated with?
increased emotional distance between teen and parent
which parent has increased conflict with their teen when girl pubertal maturation and early boy maturation takes place?
mother
what 3 things is puberty associated with?
adolescent autonomy, parent-child conflict, decreased closeness with parent
what can a clash between immigrant parent culture and western culture lead to and what is this associated with?
acculturative stress (over independent decision making) > leads to decline in self-esteem
what does the parent-child relationship quality predict?
mental health in adolescence
mild conflict facilitates ______ and _______
identity, autonomy
why is a drop in family time during adolescence not universal?
depends on culture
less than __% of families with adolescents have seriously troubled relationships
10
how do friendships change in adolescence?
number of best friends decline
what are considered to be the most important characteristics in adolescent friendship?
intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty
in what ways do teenage friendships tend to be alike?
identity status, educational aspirations, political beliefs, willingness to try drugs/engage in delinquency
what does it mean if friendship closeness can lead to co-rumination?
obsessive thoughts > triggering anxiety/depression
group of 5-8 members, similar in characteristics, more important to girls =
clique
larger group made up of several cliques, based on reputation and stereotype =
crowd
as dating increases, cliques and crowds _____ in importance
decline
what is associated with dating too early?
drug use, delinquency, poor academic achievement
what type of parenting acts as an antidote to unfavourable peer pressure?
authoritative
what is the trajectory for delinquency in adolescence?
rises over early/mid adolescence and then declines
what is the motivation for delinquency?
reward seeking, peer approval
what factors are linked to delinquency?
peer pressure, poverty, illiteracy, pop explosion, lack of parental guidance
what are strong predictors of arrests?
SES and ethnicity (tendency to arrest low SES ethnic minority groups more often than higher SES white and asian)
what is chronic delinquency linked to?
difficult temperament, low IQ, academic failure, peer rejection, antisocial peers
what are the 2 routes to adolescent delinquency and how do they differ?
early onset > behaviour begins in childhood, combined of biological risk factors and child-rearing practices / late onset > behaviour begins around puberty, conduct problems arise from peer context in early adolescence
what is involved with treating serious offenders?
training parents in communication/monitoring/discipline strategies, providing experiences that improve cognitive and social skills
what factors foster resilience in adolescence?
balance between family connection and separation, effective family problem solving, parental monitoring, school involvement, close friendships, high quality vocational education, culturally sensitive school/community, affiliation with religion, E.C activities/youth organisations/community service
