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developmental 2 > social development in adolescence 2 > Flashcards

social development in adolescence 2 Flashcards

1
Q

social development that occurs during adolescence can be characterised as developmental tasks that emphasise?

A

development of autonomy, establishment of identity, future orientation

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2
Q

what stage does Erikson believe identity vs. confusion is in his theory of psychological development?

A

5th final stage of ego

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3
Q

is identity vs conclusion exclusive to adolescence?

A

no, distinctive not not exclusive

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4
Q

what is the conflict centred on in the identity vs. confusion stage?

A

developing a personal identity

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5
Q

In Erikson’s theory describe the features of Identity phase

A

it is the major personality attainment of adolescence, crucial step to becoming productive happy adult, who you are/what you value/direction in life, period of confusion and struggle for teens trying to figure all these things out

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6
Q

what does finding your identity drive choices of?

A

vocation, interpersonal relationships, ethnic group membership, expression of ones sexual orientation, ideals

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7
Q

what are the features of role confusion in adolescence?

A

weak sense of trust, little autonomy or initiative, little active exploration, failure to choose vocation that matches skills/interests, shallow, directionless

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8
Q

what is the main concern if a teen doesn’t escape role confusion?

A

negative outcomes for their personal identity

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9
Q

what are the 2 components in the establishment of identity?

A

self-concept, self-esteem

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10
Q

refers to adolescent perception of own talents, goals, experiences =

A

self-concept

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11
Q

relates to how one evaluates self worth =

A

self-esteem

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12
Q

what are the changes in self-concept during adolescence?

A

unify separate traits into larger ones, contradicting traits expressed in different social situations. Later > traits combined into organised system, more emphasis on social virtues and being viewed (+)ly

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13
Q

what are the changes in self-esteem during adolescence?

A

continues to differentiate, rises from mid to late adolescence, individual differences = increasingly stable

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14
Q

what are new components teens deal with?

A

close friendships, romantic appeal, job competence

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15
Q

what factors have been shown to affect self-esteem?

A

pubertal timing, parent child-rearing style, larger social environment (more pressure)

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16
Q

high level of exploration + high level of commitment =

A

identity achievement

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17
Q

high level of exploration + low level of commitment =

A

identity moratorium

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18
Q

low level of exploration + high level of commitment =

A

identity foreclosure

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19
Q

low level of exploration + low level of commitment =

A

identity diffusion

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20
Q

what is the ideal identity status?

A

achieved an identity and commit to it > high level of exploration

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21
Q

still exploring but low commitment about what identity they want to have =

A

identity moratorium

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22
Q

low level of exploration to identity and have decided who they are and won’t be open to developing their identity more =

A

identity foreclosure

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23
Q

all over the place but don’t explore or know how to find your identity, this non-stable identity has consequences =

A

identity diffusion

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24
Q

what are characteristics of adolescents who have identity achievement?

A

high self esteem, open to alternative ideas/values, feel in control, view school/work as avenues for realising aspirations, more advanced moral reasoning, concerned with social justice

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25
Q

what are characteristics of teens who are stuck in identity foreclosure?

A

passive with identity concerns, adjustment difficulties, dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style, resist info that threatens their position

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26
Q

what are characteristics of teens that are long term diffused?

A

diffuse-avoidant cognitive style, entrust to luck/fate, risk of depression and suicide

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27
Q

what factors affect identity development?

A

personality, family, peers, school/community/culture

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28
Q

what are the components of identity development among ethic minority adolescents?

A

ethnic identity, acculturative stress, bicultural identity

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29
Q

psychological distress resulting from conflict between minority and host culture =

A

acculturative stress

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30
Q

formed by exploring and adopting values from both subculture and dominant culture (makes you more enriched) =

A

bicultural identity

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31
Q

what are the ways in supporting healthy identity development?

A

warm open communication, innate higher level discussions, opportunities in EC activities/vocation training programmes/explore ethnic heritage, learn about cultures, talk to adults/peers who went through same thing

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32
Q

describes the phenomenon of adolescents inability to distinguish between their perception of what others think about them and what people actually think in reality =

A

adolescent egocentrism

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33
Q

what do Elkind discover about adolescent egocentrism?

A

adolescents focus mostly on their own perceptions/behaviours/appeatrance because of ‘physiological metamorphic’ they experience in this period

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34
Q

give examples of the pubertal changes and developmental tasks that are associated with egocentrism

A

acquiring new mental capacities, separation from parents, formation of individuality

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35
Q

what is the adolescent egocentrism belief of teens?

A

that other people notice their behaviours and appearance as much as they do

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36
Q

according to Elkind, what are the 2 consequential mental constructions that adolescent egocentrism results in?

A

imaginary audience, personal fable

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37
Q

teens believe others are as admiring or critical as they are of themselves which leads an audience to be created, teen is the focus of attention =

A

imaginary audience

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38
Q

what does the construction of imaginary audiences play a consequential role in?

A

emergence of self consciousness in early adolescence

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39
Q

what helps explain why adolescents usually seek privacy and feel reluctant to reveal themselves?

A

imaginary audience leads to self-consciousness > feel they are under constant critical scrutiny

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40
Q

idea that adolescents have a complex set of beliefs and their own feelings are unique, they are special and immortal =

A

personal fable

41
Q

involves thoughts, feelings, behaviours regarding standards of right and wrong =

A

moral development

42
Q

what are the 3 stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

43
Q

each of the 3 stages has __ levels

A

2

44
Q

individual has no internalisation of moral value, children worry about avoiding punishment by adults, motivated by self interest = ________ reasoning

A

pre-conventional

45
Q

individuals abide by certain standards of others and are concerned with meeting external social expectations = _________ reasoning

A

conventional

46
Q

morality is completely internalised with universal ethical principles = _________ reasoning

A

post-conventional

47
Q

what are possible influences on Kohlberg’s stages?

A

cognitive development, modelling, peer relations

48
Q

what are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s moral development model?

A

moral reasoning may not lead to moral behaviour, excludes other moral values (caring), culturally biased, research is gendered (only on white privileged males)

49
Q

how is Kohlberg’s model considered to be culturally biased?

A

although culture progresses through the stages in the same order, individuals in different cultures do so at different rates

50
Q

what did Gilligan’s research look at in response to sex differences in moral reasoning?

A

womens responses to personal dilemmas in real and hypothetical situations

51
Q

how did Gilligan present moral development that contrasted with Kohlberg?

A

process of advancement through a universal series of increasingly complex patterns of thought

52
Q

what were Gilligan’s findings?

A

both sexes use both caring and justice orientations, context affects use of care orientation

53
Q

what did Gilligan’s work focus on?

A

sex differences in moral reasoning, perception of violence, resolution of sexual dilemmas and abortion decisions

54
Q

why did Gilligan’s work pose a major challenge to Kohlberg’s theory?

A

introduced a feminist perspective of moral development, his findings reveal a gender bias, not all females are less mature than boys

55
Q

tend to organise social relationships in a hierarchical order and subscribe to the morality of rights - men or women?

A

men

56
Q

value interpersonal connectedness, care, sensitivity and responsibility for people - men or women?

A

women

57
Q

concerns with matter of personal choice and grasp of fairness gets ______ during adolescence

A

stronger

58
Q

what are influences on moral reasoning?

A

personality, child rearing practices, schooling, peer interaction, culture, parenting

59
Q

what type of parenting is associated with moral maturity in adolescence?

A

authoritative, warm parenting

60
Q

why does peer interaction promote moral understanding?

A

interact with peers who present different viewpoints

61
Q

what type of cultures move through Kohlberg’s stages more quickly and advance to higher levels?

A

industrialised cities compared to village societies

62
Q

what are qualities of parenting that produce moral adolescents?

A

warm, inductive disciple, involve children in decision, model moral behaviour, foster internal sense of morality

63
Q

degree to which morality is central to self-concept =

A

moral identity

64
Q

what type of disciple of parenting strengthens moral identity?

A

inductive

65
Q

give examples of + influences on moral identity

A

educational environments, opportunities for civic engagement

66
Q

formal religious involvement _______ as adolescents search for a personally meaningful identity

A

declines

67
Q

what has been found with teenagers who remain part of a religious community?

A

more involved in community service, less misconduct, lower rates of alcohol/drug use, less likely to engage in early sexual activity and antisocial behaviour

68
Q

in adolescence there is _______ gender stereotyping of attitudes and behaviour

A

increased (moves towards more traditional gender identity) then declines by late adolescence

69
Q

is gender typing stronger for boys or girls?

A

girls

70
Q

specific behaviours that parents use to socialise their children =

A

parenting practices

71
Q

emotional climate in which parents raise their children =

A

parenting style

72
Q

what are the 4 parenting styles?

A

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved

73
Q

what parenting style is the best for adolescent development?

A

authoritative

74
Q

what are the 3 main elements of authoritative parenting that work well?

A

warmth (related to responsiveness), structure (demandingness), autonomy support (demandingness) > COMBO OF WARMTH AND CONTROL

75
Q

what is pubertal maturation associated with?

A

increased emotional distance between teen and parent

76
Q

which parent has increased conflict with their teen when girl pubertal maturation and early boy maturation takes place?

A

mother

77
Q

what 3 things is puberty associated with?

A

adolescent autonomy, parent-child conflict, decreased closeness with parent

78
Q

what can a clash between immigrant parent culture and western culture lead to and what is this associated with?

A

acculturative stress (over independent decision making) > leads to decline in self-esteem

79
Q

what does the parent-child relationship quality predict?

A

mental health in adolescence

80
Q

mild conflict facilitates ______ and _______

A

identity, autonomy

81
Q

why is a drop in family time during adolescence not universal?

A

depends on culture

82
Q

less than __% of families with adolescents have seriously troubled relationships

A

10

83
Q

how do friendships change in adolescence?

A

number of best friends decline

84
Q

what are considered to be the most important characteristics in adolescent friendship?

A

intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty

85
Q

in what ways do teenage friendships tend to be alike?

A

identity status, educational aspirations, political beliefs, willingness to try drugs/engage in delinquency

86
Q

what does it mean if friendship closeness can lead to co-rumination?

A

obsessive thoughts > triggering anxiety/depression

87
Q

group of 5-8 members, similar in characteristics, more important to girls =

A

clique

88
Q

larger group made up of several cliques, based on reputation and stereotype =

A

crowd

89
Q

as dating increases, cliques and crowds _____ in importance

A

decline

90
Q

what is associated with dating too early?

A

drug use, delinquency, poor academic achievement

91
Q

what type of parenting acts as an antidote to unfavourable peer pressure?

A

authoritative

92
Q

what is the trajectory for delinquency in adolescence?

A

rises over early/mid adolescence and then declines

93
Q

what is the motivation for delinquency?

A

reward seeking, peer approval

94
Q

what factors are linked to delinquency?

A

peer pressure, poverty, illiteracy, pop explosion, lack of parental guidance

95
Q

what are strong predictors of arrests?

A

SES and ethnicity (tendency to arrest low SES ethnic minority groups more often than higher SES white and asian)

96
Q

what is chronic delinquency linked to?

A

difficult temperament, low IQ, academic failure, peer rejection, antisocial peers

97
Q

what are the 2 routes to adolescent delinquency and how do they differ?

A

early onset > behaviour begins in childhood, combined of biological risk factors and child-rearing practices / late onset > behaviour begins around puberty, conduct problems arise from peer context in early adolescence

98
Q

what is involved with treating serious offenders?

A

training parents in communication/monitoring/discipline strategies, providing experiences that improve cognitive and social skills

99
Q

what factors foster resilience in adolescence?

A

balance between family connection and separation, effective family problem solving, parental monitoring, school involvement, close friendships, high quality vocational education, culturally sensitive school/community, affiliation with religion, E.C activities/youth organisations/community service

developmental 2 (9 decks)

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