Social Development Flashcards
Describe and define socialisation
Process whereby individuals learn the rules, convention, accepted norms of the society. A task of childhood that carries over throughout the time as individual become part of communities and cultures.
Process involved in socialisation
- Reinforcement and punishment
- Observation and modelling
- Cognitive development
Reinforcement and Punishment
(B.F. Skinner’s theory)
Reinforcement is a consequence that follows an operant response that increase the likelihood of that response occurring in the future.
The consequence that follows an operant response which decreases the likelihood of that response occurring in the future in avoidance of getting punished.
Observation and Modelling
(Albert Bandura’s Theory)
Acknowledges roles of rewards and punishments in shaping behaviour of individual specifically concerned with learning by imitation (modelling).
Believes that human can learn by observing the behaviour of others.
Parameters:
-Attention - A controlling relation (between response and discriminative stimulus, refers to selective stimulus)
-Retention -
-Motivation
-Potential ability
Cognitive Development
Emphasises the role of understanding interpersonal thought and action by learning from those around us (observing others get rewards and punishment), therefore we response to such stimulus with either avoidance or improvement. It is our sense of morality or conscious mind.
Three key features of parenting styles
- Acceptance and involvement
- Control
- Autonomy granting
Different type of parenting
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Uninvolved
Authoritarian Parenting
Cold, rejects and degrades the child. Assertive in power, demanding, strict in discipline. Uses force and punishment, and psychological control.
gives little attention to child’s autonomy, and makes decision for child without entering into discussions with them.
Authoritative Parenting
Warm, responsive, attentive and receptive to child’s need. Reasonably demands, consistent in reinforcing which fosters ability for the child to self-regulate, conformity to appropriate rules, self-expression and joint decision making.
Permissive Parenting
Warm over indulgent or inattentive, high in responsive but applies little discipline with few or no demands. Permits child to make many decision and fails to help children learn about structure of social rules.
Uninvolved Parenting
Emotionally detached and withdrawn. Lack of responsiveness to child. Few or no demands, neglects, ignores, and uninvolved with children’s decision making, view of point and activities.
Moral Development
(Involving Piaget and Kohlberg’s theory)
-Learning how to judge your behaviour according to the needs of society rather than your personal needs. It is a system of beliefs, values about the right or wrong of human acts.
Piaget’s theory of moral development
Suggests that before age of around 8 years, moral censure was largely reflection of harm caused. It is a constructivist process that is interested in what children thinks rather than what they do - as interplay (experience) of action and thoughts develop moral concepts.
Kohlberg’s theory and model of moral development
Interested in why people make their decision rather than what their decision was. Believes that older children focus on outcomes and intentions. Described 7 stages in three levels of moral development.
- Pre-conventional morality: Stage 1 and 2
- Conventional morality: Stage 3 and 4
- Post-conventional morality: Stage 5, 6 and 7
Adolescence and its traditional view
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