Social development Flashcards
Group Socialization Theory
Judith Harris. Proposed children learn group socialization more from peers (and especially when absent from parents) than from parents.
Dominance hierarchy
A social ranking based on toughness and assertiveness. Usually clear after 3 years of age. Dominant children win more conflicts and may enforce conformational behaviours in others. Boys usually more dominant (although girls may be before age 3). Children themselves may not be consciously aware of the hierarchy.
Clique and Crowd
Clique= a close-knit group of 3-9 adolescents. Bound by common interest and mutual acceptance. Usually same sex. Dunphy found membership brought increased psychological wellbeing to member.
Crowd=Larger group of adolescents, defined by attitude or behaviour of members. Often given a name by others such as “Jocks”, “Punks”, “Brains”, “Druggies” etc. Useful for expanding social circle.
Peer status
Even young children have a good understanding of who is popular and who is not. Using sociometric techniques, Rubin and Copeland found a child could usually be peer-ranked into a status category as follows:
1. Popular;score high on “most liked” and low on “least liked”. Good at maintaining relationships. Viewed as socially competent.
2. Controversial; rate high on “most liked” but also high on “least liked”.
3. Neglected; Score low on “liked most” but also score low on “liked least”. Are friendless but not actively disliked.
4.Average. Somewhere between popular and neglected.
5.Rejected; score low on “liked most” and score high on “liked least”. 2 subcategories a) aggressive rejected-have high levels of behavioural issues, poor self control and aggression.
and b) nonaggressive rejected, often highly anxious, socially withdrawn and socially unskilled.
Higher reports of loneliness from rejected children. Popular and rejected classifications tend to be fairly stable over time.
Acts of delinquency more likely from rejected children.
rejected children more likely to show less interest in schoolwork and drop out.
sociometric technique
measures quality of relationships between individuals within a group
Theory of Mind
Ability to understand one’s own reasonings and ascribe reasonings to why others behave in certain ways,
a) by age 2, children start talking about their mental state.Start to understand people act from want/desire. Desire psychology
b) By age 3 children understand people act from desire and belief. (acquire desire/belief psychology). Do not yet understand that a belief may be false.
c) By age 4, understand beliefs can be false and that perceptions can differ. (develop representational theory of mind). Tested with False Belief Task. more likely to acquire earlier if have older siblings.
Rouge Test
Test used to determine self recognition. Rouge etc applied to forehead and if recognise self in mirror, will try to remove.Amsterdam. Develops between 18-24 months.
Selman’s model of development of role-taking ability
development of perspective
stage 0:egocentric reasoning. cannot appreciate a different perspective.
stage 1;understand someone might have a different perspective to themselves but find another’s perspective difficult to describe.
stage 2:able to see themselves from another’s perspective
stage 3:recognises how a 3rd individual might view their and another’s view.
satge 4:understands there is a network of perspectives which bind individuals into a society.
vertical dimension and horizontal plane
child’s relationship with parent is vertical, and horizontal with peers, in terms of learning. Piaget.
ethologist
views behaviour as an evolutionary adaptive trait
Social learning Theory
Albert Bandura. People learn from each other via observation, imitation and modelling.
Group Socialisation Theory
Judith Harris.Proposes that socialisation is learnt far more from peers than parents.
Parten’s play types (level of social interaction)
- Solitary Play;Play by self in manner different to those around.
- Unoccupied Play. Play without objects but observes what is of interest.
- Onlooker Behaviour: watches other children play without joining.
- Parallel Play:Children play beside each other and use same toys but do not interact.
- Associative Play;Play with same toys and interact but without taking on different roles.
- Cooperative Play; Rare before 3 years. Includes formal games, social pretend play (children take on pretend roles) and cooperative play (children build things together eg with blocks)
Other Types of play
- Rough and Tumble;Physical. Common in school years.
- Play with Objects; appears around 5 months
- Pretend Play;appears around 12-15 months eg use a cloth to pretend is a blanket etc. Develops in three sequences
a) Decentration-Parents and other toys are drawn into the pretense
b) decontextualisation-use an object to represent another
c) Integration-individual acts of pretend play become joined in sequence - Sociodramatic play-pretend play with other people. appears around 12 months.
Lure Retrieval
Test. typically consists of set of sticks which can be joined to form a rake, and this can then be used to retieve another object. Typically assesses performance in groups of previous exposure/witness and no exposure/witness.
