Social Development Flashcards
Psychic Energy
Frued’s term for the collection of biologically baed instinctual drives that he believed fuel behaviour thoughts, and feelings
Erogenous Zones
in Freud’s theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
Id
in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and more primitive personality structure, it is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure
Oral Stage
in the first stage in Freud’s theory, occurring in the 1st year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity
Ego
in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop, it is rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality
Anal Stage
the second stage in Feud’s theory, lasting from the 2nd year through the 3rd year, in which the primary source of pleasure comes from defecation
Phallic Stage
the third stage in Feud’s theory, lasting from age 3 to age 6, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia
Superego
in psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards
Internalization
the process of adopting as one’s own the attributes, beliefs, and standards of another person
Oedipus Complex
Freud’s term for the conflict experienced by boys in the phallic period because of their sexual desire for their mother and their fear of retaliation by their father
Electra Complex
Freud’s term for the conflict experienced by girls in the phallic stage when they develop unacceptable romantic feelings for their father and see their mother as a rival
Latency Period
the fourth stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 6 to age 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities
Genital Stage
the final stage in Freud’s theory, beginning in adolescence in which sexual maturation is complete and sexual intercourse is a major goal
Systematic Desensitization
a form of therapy based on classical conditioning, in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicited a highly negative response
(this approach is especially useful in the treatment of fears and phobias)
Intermittent Reinforcement
inconsistent response to the behaviour of another person
Behaviour Modification
a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behaviour
Reciprocal Determinism
Bandura’s concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions; children are affected by aspects of their environment, but they also influence the environment
Vicarious Reinforcement
observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
Self Socialization
the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on
Role Taking
being aware of the perspective of another person, thereby better understanding that person’s behaviour, thoughts, and feelings
Hostile Attributional Bias
in Dodge’s theory, the tendency to assume that other people’s ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent
Achievement Motivation
refers to whether children are motivated by learning goals, seeking to improve their competence and master new material, or by performance goals, seeking to receive positive assessments of their competence or to avoid negative assessments
Entity/Helpless Orientation
a general tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure
Incremental/Mastery Orientation
a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure
