Emotional Development

Question 1

Emotions

Answer 1

neural and physiological responses to the environment, subjective feelings, cognitions related to those feelings, and the desire to take action

Question 2

Discrete Emotions Theory

Answer 2

a theory about emotions, held by Tomkins, Izard, and others, in which emotions are viewed as innate and discrete from one another from very early in life, and each emotion is believed to be packaged with specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions

Question 3

Functionalist Perspective

Answer 3

a theory of emotion, proposed by Campos and others, arguing that the basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal, emotions are viewed as not discrete from one another and vary somewhat based on the social environment

Question 4

Social Smiles

Answer 4

smiles that are directed at people; they first emerge as early as 6 to 7 weeks of age

Question 5

Separation Anxiety

Answer 5

feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they are separated, or expect to be separated from individuals to whom they are emotionally attached

Question 6

Self-Conscious Emotions

Answer 6

emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of other’s reactions to us

Question 7

Social Referencing

Answer 7

the use of a parent’s or other adult’s facial expression or vocal cues to decided how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situation

Question 8

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 8

the ability to cognitively process information about emotions and to use that information to guide both thought and behaviour

Question 9

Display Rules

Answer 9

a social group’s informal norms and when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions

Question 10

Emotion Regulation

Answer 10

a set of both conscious and unconscious processes that used to both monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions

Question 11

Co-Regulation

Answer 11

the process by which a caregiver provides the need comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress

Question 12

Self-Comforting Behaviours

Answer 12

repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing a midly positive physical sensation

Question 13

Self-Distraction

Answer 13

looking away from an upsetting stimulus in order to regulate one’s level of arousal

Question 14

Social Competence

Answer 14

the ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others

Question 15

Temperament

Answer 15

individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are exhibited across contexts and that are present from infancy and thus though to be genetically based

Question 16

Goodness of Fit

Answer 16

the degree to which an individual’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment

Question 17

Differential Susceptibility

Answer 17

a circumstance in which the same temperament characteristic that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive

Question 18

Emotion Socialization

Answer 18

the process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviours that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future role in their particular culture

Question 19

Mental Health

Answer 19

children’s sense of well-being both internally, such as in their emotions and stress levels, as well as externally, such as in their relationships with family members and peers

Question 20

Stress

Answer 20

a physiological reaction to some change or threat in the environment

Question 21

Toxic Stress

Answer 21

the experience of overwhelming levels of stress without support from adults to help mitigate the effects of that stress

Question 22

Mental Disorder

Answer 22

a state of having problems with emotional reactions to the environment and with social relationships in ways that affect daily life

Question 23

Equifinality

Answer 23

the concept that various causes can lead to the same mental disorder

Question 24

Multifinality

Answer 24

the concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to a mental disorder

Question 25

Depression

Answer 25

a mental disorder that involves a sad or irritable mood along with physical and cognitive changes that interfere with daily life

Question 26

Rumination

Answer 26

the act of focusing on one’s own negative emotions and negative self-appraisals and on their causes and consequences, without engaging in efforts to improve one’s situtation

Question 27

Co-Rumination

Answer 27

extensively discussing and self disclosing emotional problems with another person

Question 28

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 28

a set of mental disorders that involve the inability to regulate fear and worry