Social Development Flashcards
stranger anxiety
- fear of strangers that infants show, when they move away from people they don’t know
- starts at 8 months
attachment
- emotional tie
- can be to any person or even animals or objects
- different types of attachment exist
- most important type of attachment is with parents
- in young children is shown by trying to get closer to parents and crying when they are separated from parents
Which experiment shows that “comfort warmth” is a basic need?
- experiments by Harry Harlow
- monkeys liked to climb on and hug the thing with warm cloth instead of just the one with the food
Describe the experiments of Harry Harlow.
- experiments to determine the needs to develop into social beings
- placed monkeys whose parents died into a room with two parent-shaped wires, one with just food and the other with just a soft cloth and a painted face that looked like it had emotions
- monkey would always hold onto the “mother” with the soft cloth
- when taken away from these fake parents into a new situation they hide and are afraid
- which means they have a basic need for sense of security from responsive caregiving, beyond their basic survival needs, in order for them to believe the world is a safe place
- since monkeys are like humans, this shows us that we probably have similar needs
What did Harry Harlow’s experiment show?
that we need a responsive caregiver to teach us in order to develop our social skills
What are the phases of attachment?
- indiscriminate - 3-4 mo., child can be comforted by anyone
- discriminate - 7-8 mo., child has preference for parents
- specific - 7-8+ mo. child will be comforted only by parents
How long it does take for an emotional tie to a primary caregiver to be formed?
about seven or eight months
What are the different types of attachment of children to their parents?
- secure
- anxious
- avoidant
separation anxiety
distress (горе), e.g. crying, when a child has to be away from their parents
What is the difference in behaviour of children who have different attachment styles?
children who have anxious attachment styles cry more and for longer when they are away from their parents, and it takes longer to settle them down when their parents come back, than children with secure attachment styles
Which person’s experiments showed how children with different attachment styles behave?
- Mary Ainsworth’s experiments
- children who have anxious attachment cry for longer and stay upset even after their caregivers come back
Describe the experiment of Mary Ainsworth.
- set up a “strange situation”
- mothers take toddlers into playroom
- tell toddlers to go play with the toys
- mother leaves
- mothers come back
- if a child has a secure attachment pattern, at first they don’t want to play in the playroom, but eventually they go play, when they see that mom is gone they start to cry a little, but when mom comes back they settle down very quickly
- if a child has an anxious attachment pattern, child is does not want to go and is “clingy” (holds onto the mother), takes longer to get the child to play, once the child sees that mother is gone, they cry a lot more and stronger, and when mother comes back it takes longer for the child to settle down
When does a secure attachment style develop?
- when parents provide caregiving that is
- warm
- consistent
- responsive - in the first year of development
- so the child learns that the world is
- safe
- secure
- predictable
When does an anxious attachment style develop?
- result of inconsistent (sometimes warm and responsive, sometimes not warm and responsive) caregiving
- child doesn’t know what’s going to happen next, world is unpredictable, don’t know what’s going to happen next
What are some advantages that secure children have over anxiously attached children?
- easier to make friends
- do better academically
- higher self-esteem (more confident and feel better about themselves)
- easier to maintain romantic relationships
What is one reason for problems in romantic relationships?
anxious attachment style
Give four things that may affect how we develop as social beings
- genetics
- operant conditioning
- observational learning
- attachment in early childhood
Name two things that develop in early childhood that can impact us later in life.
- basic trust
2. self-concept
basic trust
- introduced by Erik Erikson
- sense that the world is a predictable and trustworthy place
- formed in first year of life
self-concept
- sense of identity and personal worth
- beginning of self-concept starts at 18 months
- when a child can first recognize that he is different from other people in a mirror
What are the three parenting styles?
- authoritarian (авторитарный)
- impose arbitrary rules
- give no explanation
- not good for children
- because no responsiveness if children ask why - permissive (разрешающий)
- do whatever the children want
- use no punishment
- not good for children
- because it doesn’t allow children to learn what to do and expect - authoritative
- best parenting styles
- both demanding and responsive
- provides explanations, discussions
- which are important for responsiveness
What are the two most important aspects of good caregiving?
- consistent
2. responsive
stage theory
suggests that experiences early in life play a role in shaping our personalities throughout our lives and that these developments have three properties:
- people go through the stages in order
- stages are related to age
- major discontinuities in development
discontinuous development
a type of cognitive development where the WAY that someone processes information is actually different depending on the stage they are in
What is one example of an experiment done by Piaget?
- if you pour water from one container into a taller, thinner container and ask a 4-year-old child which container has more water, the child will say the taller one, even though it’s the same water, whereas a 10-year-old child will say they have the same amount
- this is because the children are in different stages of cognitive development
- the children don’t just know different amounts of information, they actually process information differently
What is one implication (подразумеваемое) of the stage theory of development?
- children in different stages of development need to be TAUGHT in different WAYS because the SORTS of concepts they can understand are different in different stages of development
- so we cannot just force advanced information onto children who are not ready because they do not have the “tools” they need to understand it
responsiveness
when parents give feedback to the child so that the child learns
inconsistent
непоследовательный, противоречивый, ненадежный
